Cheat sheet
Alberta Biology 30 Diploma Cheat Sheet
Nervous + Endocrine
- 25% of exam
- Neuron Structure Action Potential Synapse Reflex Arc Hormones + Glands Homeostasis
Reproduction + Development
- 20% of exam
- Gametogenesis Menstrual Cycle Fertilization Embryonic Development Repro Hormones
Cell Division + Genetics
- 40% of exam
- Mitosis vs Meiosis Mendelian Ratios DNA + Replication Protein Synthesis Mutations Biotech
Population + Community
- 15% of exam
- Hardy-Weinberg Gene Pool Natural Selection Population Growth Succession
Quick Facts
- Exam Biology 30 Diploma
- Questions 48 MC + 12 NR
- Weight 30% final mark
- Time 3 hr (6 hr max)
- Acceptable 50%
- Excellence 80%
- Body Alberta Education
Glucose Hormones NE
- Insulin In, Glucagon Gains
- Insulin lowers glucose Glucagon raises glucose Both from pancreas
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic NE
Sympathetic
- Fight-or-flight
- Raises heart rate
- Noradrenaline
Parasympathetic
- Rest-and-digest
- Lowers heart rate
- Acetylcholine
- Arouse vs calm
Blood Glucose Response NE
- Blood glucose high → Insulin ( Beta cells )
- Glucose to glycogen → Insulin ( Liver storage )
- Blood glucose low → Glucagon ( Alpha cells )
- Glycogen to glucose → Glucagon ( Liver release )
- Stress glucose spike → Adrenaline ( Fight-or-flight )
Neuron Structure NE
- Dendrite Receives impulse
- Cell body Contains nucleus
- Axon Carries impulse away
- Myelin sheath Speeds conduction
- Node of Ranvier Saltatory jump gap
- Sensory neuron Receptor to CNS
- Motor neuron CNS to effector
- Interneuron Connects within CNS
Sensory vs Motor Neuron NE
Sensory
- Receptor to CNS
- Afferent direction
- Detects stimulus
Motor
- CNS to effector
- Efferent direction
- Triggers response
- Input vs output
Action Potential NE
- Resting potential -70 mV polarized
- Na/K pump 3 Na out, 2 K in
- Threshold About -55 mV
- Depolarization Na+ rushes in
- Repolarization K+ moves out
- Hyperpolarization Below resting briefly
- All-or-none Fires fully or not
- Refractory period Cannot refire yet
Synapse + Reflex NE
- Synaptic cleft Gap between neurons
- Acetylcholine Common neurotransmitter
- Cholinesterase Breaks down ACh
- Reflex arc Receptor to effector
- Reflex order Sensory, inter, motor
- Spinal reflex Bypasses brain
- Cerebrum Thought, voluntary action
- Cerebellum Balance, coordination
Hormones + Glands NE
- Insulin Lowers blood glucose
- Glucagon Raises blood glucose
- Thyroxine Sets metabolic rate
- ADH Water reabsorption
- Adrenaline Fight-or-flight
- Pituitary Master gland
- Steroid hormone Enters cell directly
- Protein hormone Surface receptor signal
Cycle Hormones Order RE
- FSH First, LH Launches
- FSH grows follicle LH triggers ovulation Estrogen builds lining Progesterone maintains
Gametogenesis RE
- Spermatogenesis Four sperm produced
- Oogenesis One egg, polar bodies
- Seminiferous tubule Sperm production site
- Sertoli cells Nourish sperm
- Interstitial cells Secrete testosterone
- Follicle Holds developing egg
- Corpus luteum Secretes progesterone
- Ovulation Egg release
Menstrual + Repro Hormones RE
- FSH Grows follicle
- LH Triggers ovulation
- Estrogen Builds endometrium
- Progesterone Maintains endometrium
- Testosterone Male sperm production
- HCG Signals pregnancy
- Follicular phase Days 1-14
- Luteal phase Days 15-28
Embryonic Development RE
- Zygote Fertilized egg
- Cleavage Rapid cell division
- Blastocyst Hollow cell ball
- Implantation Attaches to uterus
- Placenta Nutrient, gas exchange
- Amnion Fluid-filled sac
- Ectoderm Skin, nervous system
- Endoderm Gut lining, organs
Meiosis Phases GE
- I Picked My Apples Today
- Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Mitosis vs Meiosis GE
Mitosis
- Two diploid cells
- Identical clones
- Body cell growth
Meiosis
- Four haploid cells
- Genetic variation
- Gamete production
- Repair vs reproduce
Genetics Cross Type GE
- One trait studied → Monohybrid ( 3:1 )
- Two traits studied → Dihybrid ( 9:3:3:1 )
- Trait on X → Sex-linked ( Males affected more )
- Both alleles show → Codominance ( Blood type AB )
- Phenotype blends → Incomplete dominance ( Pink flower )
- More than two alleles → Multiple alleles ( ABO blood )
Cell Division Stages GE
- Interphase DNA replicated, growth
- Prophase Chromosomes condense
- Metaphase Align at equator
- Anaphase Sisters separate
- Telophase Two nuclei form
- Crossing over Prophase I exchange
- Synapsis Homologs pair up
- Nondisjunction Failed separation
DNA Base Pairs GE
- Apple-Tree, Greedy-Cat
- A pairs T G pairs C RNA: U not T Antiparallel strands
Dominant vs Recessive GE
Dominant
- Masks recessive
- Capital letter
- One allele shows
Recessive
- Hidden by dominant
- Lowercase letter
- Needs two alleles
- Expressed vs hidden
Mendelian Genetics GE
- Genotype Allele combination
- Phenotype Observable trait
- Homozygous Two same alleles
- Heterozygous Two different alleles
- Monohybrid 3:1 ratio
- Dihybrid 9:3:3:1 ratio
- Codominance Both alleles shown
- Incomplete dominance Blended phenotype
Transcription vs Translation GE
Transcription
- DNA to mRNA
- In nucleus
- RNA polymerase
Translation
- mRNA to protein
- At ribosome
- tRNA brings amino acids
- Copy vs build
DNA + Protein Synthesis GE
- A-T, G-C Base pairing rule
- Antiparallel Strands run opposite
- Replication Semiconservative copy
- Helicase Unwinds DNA
- DNA polymerase Adds nucleotides
- Transcription DNA to mRNA
- Translation mRNA to protein
- Codon Three mRNA bases
Mutations + Biotech GE
- Point mutation Single base change
- Frameshift Insertion or deletion
- Restriction enzyme Cuts specific sequence
- Plasmid Bacterial gene vector
- PCR Amplifies DNA
- Gel electrophoresis Separates by size
- Recombinant DNA Combined gene sources
- Transgenic Foreign gene inserted
Density Dependent vs Independent PO
Dependent
- Scales with size
- Disease, competition
- Predation
Independent
- Ignores size
- Weather, fire
- Natural disaster
- Crowding vs chance
Hardy-Weinberg Variable PO
- Recessive phenotype count → q^2 ( Start here )
- Solve recessive allele → q = root q^2
- Solve dominant allele → p = 1 - q
- Heterozygous carriers → 2pq
- Homozygous dominant → p^2
- Total dominant phenotype → p^2 + 2pq
Hardy-Weinberg PO
- p + q = 1 Allele frequencies
- p^2 Homozygous dominant
- 2pq Heterozygous carriers
- q^2 Homozygous recessive
- Equilibrium Frequencies stay constant
- Large population No genetic drift
- No migration Closed gene pool
- Random mating No selection pressure
Population Dynamics PO
- Gene pool All population alleles
- Carrying capacity Max sustainable size
- Exponential growth J-shaped curve
- Logistic growth S-shaped curve
- Natural selection Fittest reproduce more
- Genetic drift Random allele change
- Primary succession Starts bare rock
- Secondary succession After disturbance, soil remains
Common Traps
Mitosis vs meiosis
- Mitosis makes clones ≠ Meiosis makes gametes
Insulin vs glucagon
- Insulin lowers glucose ≠ Glucagon raises glucose
Sensory vs motor
- Sensory carries in ≠ Motor carries out
Transcription vs translation
- Transcription makes mRNA ≠ Translation makes protein
Codominance vs incomplete
- Codominance both show ≠ Incomplete blends together
Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis
- Four sperm form ≠ One egg forms
FSH vs LH
- FSH grows follicle ≠ LH triggers ovulation
Last Minute
- 1. Diploma worth 30%; school mark 70%
- 2. 60 questions: 48 MC + 12 NR
- 3. Acceptable 50%; excellence 80%
- 4. Units: 25 / 20 / 40 / 15 percent
- 5. Resting potential = -70 mV
- 6. Pump moves 3 out, 2 in
- 7. Reflex order: sensory, inter, motor
- 8. Insulin lowers, glucagon raises glucose
- 9. Monohybrid ratio 3 to 1
- 10. Dihybrid ratio 9 3 3 1
- 11. Bases: A-T, G-C; RNA uses U
- 12. Hardy-Weinberg: p + q = 1
- 13. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 always
Alberta Diploma Exam - Biology 30
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