Cheat sheet
EASA Part-66 Module 2 Physics Cheat Sheet
Matter
- Not published of exam
- Matter Basics Atomic Structure Chemical Bonds States and Changes
Mechanics
- Not published of exam
- Statics Motion Force and Energy Momentum and Rotation Fluid Dynamics
Thermodynamics
- Not published of exam
- Temperature and Heat Heat Transfer Gas Laws Thermal Formula Picker
Optics
- Not published of exam
- Reflection Refraction Lenses Total Internal Reflection
Wave Motion and Sound
- Not published of exam
- Wave Properties Sound Standing Waves Doppler and Resonance
Quick Facts
- Module Part-66 Module 2 Physics
- B categories B1/B2/B2L: 52 MCQs
- B time 65 minutes
- A/B3 route 32 MCQs; 40 minutes
- Answer format Three choices; one correct
- Essay questions None
- Pass mark 75% per module
- Penalty marking Not permitted
- Nominal pace 75 seconds per question
- B knowledge Level 2 throughout
- A/B3 knowledge Levels 1-2; narrower scope
- Category C level Meet B1 or B2 knowledge
- Maximum attempts Three per rolling 12 months
- Normal retake 90 days
- Retrained retake 30 days after eligible retraining
- AMC B guide: Matter 5 of 52
- AMC B guide: Mechanics 28 of 52
- AMC B guide: Thermal 10 of 52
- AMC B guide: Optics 5 of 52
- AMC B guide: Waves 4 of 52
- AMC A/B3 guide: Matter 4 of 32
- AMC A/B3 guide: Mechanics 24 of 32
- AMC A/B3 guide: Thermal 4 of 32
Matter Basics MA
- Atom Smallest unit retaining elemental identity
- Proton Positive nuclear particle
- Neutron Neutral nuclear particle
- Electron Negative extranuclear particle
- Atomic number Number of protons
- Mass number Protons plus neutrons
- Isotope Same protons; different neutrons
- Element Atoms sharing atomic number
- Molecule Bonded atoms acting together
- Compound Different elements chemically bonded
- Solid Fixed shape and volume
- Liquid Fixed volume; container shape
- Gas Variable shape and volume
Pressure Trio ME
- Static plus dynamic gives total
- Static Dynamic Total
Mass vs Weight ME
Mass
- Measures inertia
- Unit kilogram
- Scalar quantity
Weight
- Gravitational force
- Unit newton
- Vector quantity
- Kilograms are not newtons
Mechanics Formula Picker ME
- Need force balance → ΣF = 0 ( Static equilibrium )
- Need turning balance → ΣM = 0 ( Choose pivot )
- Need force from acceleration → F = ma ( Use net force )
- Need work transferred → W = Fs ( Parallel displacement )
- Need transfer rate → P = W/t ( Power )
- Need collision relation → Conserve momentum ( Closed system )
- Need circular inward force → F = mv²/r ( Toward centre )
- Need machine performance → Efficiency = output/input ( Same energy basis )
Statics ME
- Scalar Magnitude only
- Vector Magnitude and direction
- Resultant Vector sum of forces
- Equilibrium Net force and moment zero
- Moment Force times perpendicular distance
- Couple Equal opposite separated forces
- Centre of gravity Point of resultant weight
- Stress Force divided by area
- Strain Extension divided by original length
- Young's modulus Stress divided by strain
- Hooke's law Proportional within elastic limit
- Mechanical advantage Output force divided input force
Force and Energy Units ME
- Force newtons; energy joules; power watts
- Force: N Energy: J Power: W
Distance vs Displacement ME
Distance
- Total path length
- Scalar
- Always nonnegative
Displacement
- Net position change
- Vector
- Can return zero
- Path versus directed change
Motion ME
- Distance Scalar path length
- Displacement Directed position change
- Speed Distance divided by time
- Velocity Displacement divided by time
- Acceleration Velocity change divided by time
- Uniform motion Constant velocity
- Angular velocity Angle change divided by time
- Centripetal acceleration Speed squared divided by radius
- Frequency Cycles per second
- Period Time per cycle
- Simple harmonic motion Restoring acceleration opposes displacement proportionally
Stress vs Strain ME
Stress
- Force per area
- Pressure dimensions
- Unit pascal
Strain
- Extension per original length
- Dimensionless ratio
- Measures deformation
- Cause intensity versus deformation
Force and Energy ME
- Mass Measure of inertia
- Weight Gravitational force on mass
- Newton's first law Zero net force preserves velocity
- Newton's second law Force equals mass times acceleration
- Newton's third law Interactions produce equal opposite force pairs
- Work Force times parallel displacement
- Power Work divided by time
- Kinetic energy Half mass times speed squared
- Potential energy Mass times gravity times height
- Efficiency Useful output divided by input
- Friction Opposes relative surface motion
- Energy conservation Closed-system energy changes form; total remains
Moment vs Work ME
Moment
- Turning effect
- Perpendicular lever arm
- Written N·m
Work
- Energy transferred
- Parallel displacement
- Written joules
- Same dimensions; different quantity
Momentum and Rotation ME
- Momentum Mass times velocity
- Impulse Force times elapsed time
- Impulse-momentum Impulse equals momentum change
- Momentum conservation Closed-system total remains constant
- Torque Turning effect of force
- Angular momentum Rotational momentum
- Gyroscopic rigidity Spinning axis resists direction change
- Gyroscopic precession Torque response shifts around rotation
- Centripetal force Points toward rotation centre
- Centrifugal force Apparent rotating-frame outward force
Static vs Dynamic Pressure ME
Static pressure
- Local fluid pressure
- Exists without bulk motion
- Acts in all directions
Dynamic pressure
- Motion-associated term
- Depends on speed squared
- Part of total pressure
- Total equals static plus dynamic
Fluid Dynamics ME
- Density Mass divided by volume
- Relative density Density compared with reference
- Pressure Force divided by area
- Hydrostatic pressure Increases with fluid depth
- Pascal's principle Confined-fluid pressure transmits undiminished
- Buoyancy Upthrust equals displaced fluid weight
- Continuity Mass flow remains conserved
- Bernoulli principle Ideal streamline energy remains constant
- Static pressure Fluid's local thermodynamic pressure
- Dynamic pressure Pressure associated with fluid motion
- Total pressure Static plus dynamic pressure
- Viscosity Resistance to shear flow
- Compressibility Volume changes under pressure
- Venturi Reduced area increases flow speed
Core Formulas ME
- Force F = ma N
- Weight W = mg N
- Moment M = Fd perpendicular N·m
- Work W = Fs parallel J
- Power P = W/t W
- Momentum p = mv kg·m/s
- Kinetic energy KE = ½mv² J
- Potential energy PE = mgh J
- Density ρ = m/V kg/m³
- Pressure P = F/A Pa
- Sensible heat Q = mcΔT J
- Latent heat Q = mL J
- Wave speed v = fλ m/s
Gas-Law Constants TH
- Boyle T; Charles P; pressure law V
- Boyle: temperature fixed Charles: pressure fixed Pressure law: volume fixed
Heat vs Temperature TH
Heat
- Energy in transfer
- Driven by temperature difference
- Measured in joules
Temperature
- Thermal-state measure
- Measured using temperature scales
- Not transferred energy
- Energy transfer versus thermal state
Fluid and Thermal Picker TH
- Need pressure from force → P = F/A ( Use normal force )
- Need pressure with depth → P = ρgh ( Gauge contribution )
- Need area-speed relation → Use continuity ( Steady mass flow )
- Need pressure-speed relation → Use Bernoulli ( Ideal streamline )
- Gas temperature stays constant → Use Boyle ( P inversely follows V )
- Gas pressure stays constant → Use Charles ( V follows absolute T )
- Gas volume stays constant → Use pressure law ( P follows absolute T )
- Temperature changes without phase → Q = mcΔT ( Sensible heat )
- Phase changes at constant temperature → Q = mL ( Latent heat )
Temperature and Heat TH
- Temperature Thermal-state indicator
- Heat Energy transferred by temperature difference
- Kelvin Absolute temperature scale
- Absolute zero Zero kelvin
- Celsius to kelvin Add 273.15
- Thermal equilibrium Equal temperatures; no net heat
- Heat capacity Energy per temperature rise
- Specific heat Energy per mass-temperature rise
- Latent heat Phase-change energy without temperature change
- Conduction Transfer through particle interaction
- Convection Transfer by bulk fluid motion
- Radiation Electromagnetic energy transfer
- Linear expansion Length change follows temperature change
- Volumetric expansion Volume change follows temperature change
Heat Transfer TH
- Conduction contacts; convection carries; radiation radiates
- Contact interaction Fluid movement Electromagnetic transfer
Conduction vs Convection TH
Conduction
- Particle interaction
- No bulk material transport
- Strong in many solids
Convection
- Bulk fluid transport
- Needs liquid or gas
- Can be forced
- Interaction versus fluid movement
Gas Laws TH
- Boyle's law Constant T; pressure inversely follows volume
- Charles's law Constant P; volume follows absolute temperature
- Pressure law Constant V; pressure follows absolute temperature
- Combined gas law Fixed gas: PV/T remains constant
- Ideal gas equation PV equals nRT
- Isothermal Constant temperature
- Isobaric Constant pressure
- Isochoric Constant volume
- Adiabatic No heat transfer
- Gas-law temperature Use absolute temperature
Reflection vs Refraction OP
Reflection
- Returns from boundary
- Remains in original medium
- Equal boundary angles
Refraction
- Crosses boundary
- Speed changes
- Direction may change
- Return versus cross
Optics Reference OP
- Light Transverse electromagnetic wave
- Reflection Wave returns within original medium
- Reflection law Incidence angle equals reflection angle
- Refraction Direction changes across media
- Refractive index Vacuum speed divided medium speed
- Snell's law n1 sinθ1 equals n2 sinθ2
- Critical angle Incidence yields 90-degree refraction
- Total internal reflection Higher-index to lower-index above critical angle
- Convex lens Converges parallel rays
- Concave lens Diverges parallel rays
- Real image Rays physically converge
- Virtual image Rays only appear to converge
- Fibre optic Guides light by total internal reflection
Real vs Virtual Image OP
Real image
- Actual ray convergence
- Projectable on screen
- Usually inverted
Virtual image
- Apparent ray origin
- Not directly projectable
- Often upright
- Converging rays versus apparent rays
Wave Link WA
- Velocity equals frequency times wavelength
- v speed f frequency λ wavelength
Transverse vs Longitudinal Waves WA
Transverse
- Oscillation perpendicular to travel
- Has crests and troughs
- Light is transverse
Longitudinal
- Oscillation parallel to travel
- Has compressions and rarefactions
- Sound is longitudinal
- Across versus along travel
Optics and Wave Picker WA
- Ray returns from boundary → Use reflection law ( Angles from normal )
- Ray crosses media → Use Snell's law ( Compare refractive indices )
- Denser-to-rarer steep incidence → Check critical angle ( Possible internal reflection )
- Need lens image → Draw principal rays ( Locate convergence )
- Need wave speed → v = fλ ( Match units )
- Need cycle time → T = 1/f ( Period )
- Source and observer move → Check Doppler shift ( Observed frequency changes )
- Drive nears natural frequency → Expect resonance ( Amplitude increases )
Wave Properties WA
- Amplitude Maximum displacement from equilibrium
- Wavelength Same-phase point separation
- Frequency Cycles per second
- Period Reciprocal of frequency
- Wave speed Frequency times wavelength
- Phase Relative cycle position
- Transverse wave Oscillation perpendicular to travel
- Longitudinal wave Oscillation parallel to travel
- Sound Longitudinal mechanical wave
- Pitch Perception linked mainly to frequency
- Intensity Power divided by area
- Resonance Large response near natural frequency
- Doppler effect Relative motion shifts observed frequency
- Node Zero-displacement standing-wave point
- Antinode Maximum-displacement standing-wave point
Common Traps
Mass Is Not Weight
- Mass uses kilograms ≠ Weight uses newtons
Speed Is Not Velocity
- Speed lacks direction ≠ Velocity includes direction
Moment Is Not Work
- Moment uses perpendicular distance ≠ Work uses parallel displacement
Heat Is Not Temperature
- Heat is transferred energy ≠ Temperature describes thermal state
Celsius Is Not Absolute
- Temperature differences may use Celsius ≠ Gas ratios require kelvin
Static Is Not Total Pressure
- Static excludes dynamic term ≠ Total includes dynamic term
Frequency Is Not Period
- Frequency counts cycles per second ≠ Period is time per cycle
Reflection Is Not Refraction
- Reflection returns ≠ Refraction crosses media
A/B3 Scope Is Narrower
- A/B3 omit optics and waves ≠ B routes include both
AMC Allocation Is Not Fixed
- AMC numbers guide submodule allocation ≠ Justified deviations remain acceptable
Pass Mark Is Not Pace
- 75% is required score ≠ 75 seconds is nominal pace
Last Minute
- 1. A/B3: 32 MCQs, 40 minutes
- 2. B routes: 52 MCQs, 65 minutes
- 3. Three options; one correct answer
- 4. Module 2 has no essays
- 5. Pass mark is 75%
- 6. Penalty marking is prohibited
- 7. Convert units before substitution
- 8. Use kelvin for gas ratios
- 9. Separate mass from weight
- 10. Draw forces before taking moments
- 11. Choose scalar or vector first
- 12. Check every squared term
- 13. Identify each fixed gas variable
- 14. Separate static, dynamic, total pressure
- 15. Measure optical angles from normal
- 16. Use consistent signs and directions
- 17. A/B3 omit optics and waves
- 18. AMC allocation permits justified deviations
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