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EASA Module 8 Cheat Sheet

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Physics of the Atmosphere

  • Not published of exam
  • ISA Datum Lapse Rate Tropopause Density Altitude Humidity

Aerodynamics and Airflow

  • Not published of exam
  • Boundary Layer Aerofoil Geometry Vortices Free Stream Separation

Lift and Drag

  • Not published of exam
  • Bernoulli Lift Equation Drag Types Polar Curve Angle of Attack

Theory of Flight

  • Not published of exam
  • Four Forces Stall Load Factor Glide Ratio High-Lift Devices

Flight Stability and Dynamics

  • Not published of exam
  • Longitudinal Lateral Directional Dihedral CG Effects

Quick Facts

  • Exam Module 8
  • Credential Part-66 AML
  • Questions 24
  • Time 30 min
  • Pass 75%
  • Format MCQ, 3 options (real exam)
  • Level A: L1; B1/B2/B3: L2
  • Blueprint Reg (EU) 2023/989

ISA Sea-Level Numbers PH

  • 15°C, 1013.25 hPa, lapse 1.98 per 1000ft
  • 15°C temperature 1013.25 hPa pressure 1.98°C per 1000ft lapse

Density Altitude vs Pressure Altitude PH

Pressure Altitude

  • Altimeter set to 1013 hPa
  • No temperature correction

Density Altitude

  • Pressure altitude, temp corrected
  • Hot day raises it
  • Raw vs corrected altitude

Atmosphere Value Lookup PH

  • Need the sea-level datum → 15°C and 1013.25 hPa
  • Need the lapse rate → 1.98°C per 1000 ft
  • Need the tropopause altitude → 36,090 ft
  • Need the tropopause temperature → Constant -56.5°C

ISA Datum PH

  • Sea-level temp 15°C (288.15 K)
  • Sea-level pressure 1013.25 hPa
  • Lapse rate 1.98°C per 1000 ft
  • Tropopause altitude 36,090 ft
  • Tropopause temp Constant -56.5°C
  • Pressure decay Exponential with altitude

Density and Humidity PH

  • Density vs altitude Decreases with height
  • Humid air density Less dense than dry
  • Relative humidity Actual vs max vapor ratio
  • Dew point Saturation temp, condensation begins
  • Density altitude Pressure altitude, temp corrected
  • Hot day effect Density altitude rises, performance drops

Laminar vs Turbulent Flow AE

Laminar Flow

  • Lower skin friction
  • Separates earlier

Turbulent Flow

  • Higher skin friction
  • Resists separation longer
  • Smooth vs mixed flow

Boundary Layer AE

  • Boundary layer Viscosity-slowed air near surface
  • Laminar flow Smooth, low skin friction
  • Turbulent flow Mixed, higher skin friction
  • Transition point Laminar to turbulent
  • Turbulent vs separation Resists separation longer
  • Separation cause Adverse pressure gradient

Washout vs Wash-in AE

Washout

  • Tip incidence lower
  • Root stalls first

Wash-in

  • Tip incidence higher
  • Rarely used, riskier
  • Lower tip vs higher tip

Aerofoil Geometry AE

  • Chord line Leading to trailing edge
  • Camber Curvature of mean line
  • MAC Reference for CG/AC position
  • Aspect ratio Span squared over area
  • Fineness ratio Chord over max thickness
  • Washout Tip incidence lower than root
  • Wash-in Tip incidence higher than root

Airflow Patterns AE

  • Free stream Undisturbed air, ahead of aircraft
  • Relative airflow Opposite to flight path
  • Upwash Air drawn up ahead of wing
  • Downwash Air deflected down behind wing
  • Stagnation point Zero velocity, max pressure
  • Tip vortices Spanwise flow at wingtip
  • Strongest vortices Slow, heavy, clean config

Drag Crossover Point LI

  • Induced drag falls, parasite drag rises with speed
  • Induced: high at slow speed Parasite: high at fast speed

Induced vs Parasite Drag LI

Induced Drag

  • Lift by-product
  • Falls as speed rises
  • Caused by tip vortices

Parasite Drag

  • Not lift-dependent
  • Rises with speed squared
  • Form plus skin friction
  • Speed down vs speed up

Drag Type Identifier LI

  • Drag falls as speed rises → Induced drag
  • Drag rises with speed squared → Parasite drag
  • Wingtip vortices are present → Induced drag source
  • Skin friction plus form drag → Parasite (profile) drag
  • Total drag is minimum → Induced equals parasite drag

Bernoulli and Pressure LI

  • Bernoulli principle Velocity up, static pressure down
  • Total pressure Static plus dynamic pressure
  • Dynamic pressure (q) Half rho V squared
  • Venturi throat Higher velocity, lower pressure

Angle of Attack vs Incidence LI

Angle of Attack

  • Chord to relative airflow
  • Varies during flight

Angle of Incidence

  • Chord to aircraft axis
  • Fixed rigging angle
  • Variable vs fixed

Lift Equation LI

  • Lift formula CL times half rho V² S
  • Lift vs speed Varies with V squared
  • rho Air density
  • CLmax Just before critical angle
  • Angle of attack Chord line to relative airflow
  • Angle of incidence Chord to aircraft axis, fixed
  • Aerodynamic centre About 25% chord, subsonic

Drag Types LI

  • Induced drag Lift by-product, tip vortices
  • Induced drag vs speed Greatest at low speed
  • Parasite drag Form, skin friction, interference
  • Parasite drag vs speed Rises with speed squared
  • Profile drag Parasite drag of wing section
  • Min total drag Where induced equals parasite
  • Polar curve CL vs CD, best L/D

Four Forces Balance TH

  • Lift equals weight; thrust equals drag
  • Lift up, weight down Thrust forward, drag back

Stall Behavior Check TH

  • AoA exceeds the critical angle → Wing stalls, lift drops
  • Load factor increases in a turn → Stall speed rises
  • One wing is more stalled → Aircraft enters a spin
  • Buffet felt before the stall → Separated turbulent airflow
  • Need a lower stall speed → Extend flaps or slats
  • Ice contaminates the wing → Stall speed increases

Four Forces and Equilibrium TH

  • Four forces Lift, weight, thrust, drag
  • Level flight Lift = weight, thrust = drag
  • Clean config Flaps and gear retracted
  • Glide, no thrust Weight component drives forward
  • Glide ratio 10:1 10 ft forward per ft down

Stall and High-Lift Devices TH

  • Stall cause Critical AoA exceeded
  • Critical AoA About 15-16°, fixed per aerofoil
  • Stall speed Varies with weight, load
  • Stall warning Buffet from separated airflow
  • Spin Autorotation, one wing more stalled
  • Flaps effect More camber, lower stall speed
  • Slats/slots Re-energize the boundary layer
  • Contamination effect Raises the stall speed

Load Factor and Envelope TH

  • Load factor Lift divided by weight
  • Level turn Load factor above 1g
  • Stall speed vs load Rises with square root
  • 2g turn Stall speed times 1.41
  • V-n diagram Load factor vs airspeed limits

Three Axes of Stability FL

  • Pitch tailplane, roll dihedral, yaw fin
  • Longitudinal: tailplane Lateral: dihedral Directional: fin

Static vs Dynamic Stability FL

Static Stability

  • Initial tendency only
  • Return toward trim

Dynamic Stability

  • Motion over time
  • Damped or diverging
  • First instant vs history

Stability Axis Picker FL

  • Pitch oscillates after a gust → Tailplane provides restoring moment ( Longitudinal )
  • Wing drops in sideslip → Dihedral rolls it back level ( Lateral )
  • Nose yaws off heading → Fin weathercocks it back ( Directional )
  • Wing is swept back → Acts like added dihedral ( Lateral boost )
  • CG moves aft → Pitch stability weakens ( Check limits )

Stability Axes FL

  • Longitudinal stability Pitch axis, tailplane provides
  • Lateral stability Roll axis, dihedral provides
  • Directional stability Yaw axis, fin provides
  • Sweepback Adds dihedral-like roll stability
  • Aft CG effect Reduces longitudinal stability

Static and Dynamic Stability FL

  • Static stability Initial return tendency only
  • Dynamic stability How motion develops over time
  • Positive dynamic Oscillations decreasing over time
  • Neutral dynamic Oscillations of constant amplitude
  • Negative dynamic Oscillations increasing, diverging
  • Dutch roll Combined yaw-roll oscillation

Common Traps

Angle of Attack vs Incidence

  • AoA: chord to airflow ≠ Incidence: chord to aircraft, fixed

Static vs Dynamic Stability

  • Static: initial tendency only ≠ Dynamic: motion over time

Induced vs Parasite Drag

  • Induced: falls with speed ≠ Parasite: rises with speed

Washout vs Wash-in

  • Washout: tip incidence lower ≠ Wash-in: tip incidence higher

Density Altitude vs Pressure Altitude

  • Pressure alt: no temp correction ≠ Density alt: temp corrected

Laminar vs Turbulent Boundary Layer

  • Laminar: low friction, early separation ≠ Turbulent: high friction, resists separation

Real Exam vs This Practice Bank

  • Real EASA exam: 3 options ≠ This practice bank: 4 options

Last Minute

  • 1. ISA: 15°C, 1013.25 hPa sea-level
  • 2. Lapse rate: 1.98°C per 1000ft
  • 3. Tropopause: 36,090 ft, -56.5°C
  • 4. Lift varies with velocity squared
  • 5. Induced drag: high at low speed
  • 6. Parasite drag: high at high speed
  • 7. Critical AoA fixed near 15-16 degrees
  • 8. Stall speed rises with load factor
  • 9. Longitudinal stability: tailplane; lateral: dihedral
  • 10. Directional stability comes from the fin
  • 11. 24 questions in 30 minutes
  • 12. Real exam uses 3-option MCQs
  • 13. Pass mark is 75% per module

EASA Part-66 Module 08 — Basic Aerodynamics

  • Practice Questions 122 questions Study Guide 21 topics Cheat Sheet 79 facts Flashcards 50 cards Shorts 1 short