DoD Cyber Test Cheat Sheet

Logical Reasoning

25% of exam
Sequences + Patterns Deductive Logic Conditional + Boolean Contrapositive vs Converse

Problem Solving

25% of exam
Troubleshooting Method Debugging + Backups Root cause Inside-out isolation

Networking Basics

20% of exam
IP Addressing Protocols + Ports OSI + Topologies TCP vs UDP

Hardware + Software

15% of exam
Hardware Components OS + File Systems Binary + Hex CPU vs RAM

Cybersecurity Fundamentals

15% of exam
CIA + Encryption Auth + Access Control Threats + Attacks CAC + MFA

Quick Facts

Exam DoD Cyber Test
Questions ~40 MCQ
Time 15-20 min
Pass Pass/fail, MOS minimum
Fee Free at MEPS
Format Computer-based
Taken with ASVAB at MEPS

Arithmetic vs Geometric LO

Arithmetic

Add constant
2 5 8 11
Linear growth

Geometric

Multiply ratio
2 6 18 54
Exponential growth
Add vs multiply

Sequence Type Picker LO

Constant difference → Arithmetic ( Add )
Constant ratio → Geometric ( Multiply )
Sum of previous two → Fibonacci
Two alternating rules → Alternating series
Letters plus numbers → Dual pattern
Grid positions shift → Rotation

Sequences + Patterns LO

Arithmetic Add constant difference
Geometric Multiply constant ratio
Fibonacci Sum of previous two
Alternating Two interleaved rules
Letter-number Parallel letter and digit
Matrix shift Rotating grid positions

Contrapositive vs Converse LO

Contrapositive

Flip and negate
Not Q, not P
Always valid

Converse

Just reverse
Q then P
Not guaranteed
Valid vs invalid

Deductive Logic LO

Modus ponens P true, so Q
Modus tollens Not Q, not P
Contrapositive Flip and negate; valid
Converse Reverse; not guaranteed
Syllogism Chain two premises
Deduction Certain, not probable

Conditional + Boolean LO

If-then Condition triggers action
Nested IF Inner runs if outer passes
AND All clauses must pass
OR One clause enough
NOT Inverts the value
Truth table Maps all outcomes

Differential vs Incremental PR

Differential

Since last full
Restore: full plus one
Grows over time

Incremental

Since last backup
Restore: full plus all
Smaller each run
One vs chain

Troubleshooting Picker PR

Browser fails, IM works → DNS issue
Address is 169.254 → DHCP failure
USB prints, network fails → Network path
Crash at fixed time → Scheduled task
One stage dominates time → Bottleneck
Loop count is wrong → Off-by-one
Isolate a failure → Test inside-out

Troubleshooting Method PR

Reproduce Confirm the failure first
Isolate Narrow to one cause
Inside-out Localhost, router, then internet
Divide + conquer Halve the search space
Root cause Fix source, not symptom
Bottleneck Slowest stage dominates time

Debugging + Backups PR

Off-by-one Boundary count wrong
Print debugging Log values per stage
Syntax error Code will not run
Logic error Runs but wrong output
Full backup Everything, every time
Differential Changes since last full
Incremental Changes since last backup

OSI 7 Layers NE

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
Physical Data Link Network Transport Session Presentation Application

TCP vs UDP NE

TCP

Connection-oriented
Handshake plus ACK
Web, email

UDP

Connectionless
No guarantees
Streaming, VoIP
Reliable vs fast

Protocol + Port Picker NE

Need reliable delivery → TCP
Need low latency → UDP
Load a web page → HTTP ( 80 )
Secure web traffic → HTTPS ( 443 )
Remote command line → SSH ( 22 )
Transfer files → FTP ( 21 )
Resolve a name → DNS ( 53 )

IP Addressing NE

Class A First octet 1-126
Class B First octet 128-191
Class C First octet 192-223
Private range 10, 172.16, 192.168
255.255.255.0 254 usable hosts /24
APIPA 169.254 No DHCP reached
NAT Private to public IP
IPv6 128-bit colon hex

Well-Known Ports NE

80 HTTP, 443 HTTPS, 22 SSH, 21 FTP
80: HTTP 443: HTTPS 22: SSH 21: FTP 53: DNS 25: SMTP

Protocols + Ports NE

TCP Reliable, connection-oriented
UDP Fast, connectionless
HTTP Web pages 80
HTTPS Encrypted web 443
SSH Secure remote shell 22
FTP File transfer control 21
DNS Name to IP 53
DHCP Assigns IP addresses 67
SMTP Sends email 25

IPv4 Class Ranges NE

A 1-126, B 128-191, C 192-223
A: 1-126 B: 128-191 C: 192-223 127: loopback

OSI + Topologies NE

Layer 1 Physical Cables and signals
Layer 2 Data Link MAC, switches, frames
Layer 3 Network IP and routers
Layer 4 Transport TCP, UDP, ports
Layer 7 Application User-facing protocols
Star Central switch, single point
Mesh Every node interconnected
Bus Shared backbone line

RAM vs Storage HA

RAM

Volatile
Loses data off
Active working data

Storage

Non-volatile
Keeps data off
Long-term files
Temporary vs permanent

Hardware Components HA

CPU Executes instructions
RAM Volatile working memory
SSD Flash, no moving parts
HDD Spinning magnetic platters
GPU Parallel calculations
UEFI / BIOS Initializes hardware, boots OS
Motherboard Connects all components
Cache Fast CPU memory

OS + File Systems HA

Kernel Hardware-software bridge
Process Running program instance
File permissions Read, write, execute
Virtual machine Emulated OS via hypervisor
Linux Dominant server OS
Virtual memory Disk swap when full
Directory Folder holding files

Binary + Hex HA

Bit Single binary digit
Byte 8 bits, 256 values
Nibble 4 bits, one hex digit
Binary Base 2
Hex Base 16
FF 255, one full byte
2^8 256 combinations
Decimal 13 Binary 1101

CIA Triad SE

Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
C: keep secret I: prevent tampering A: keep online

Symmetric vs Asymmetric SE

Symmetric

One shared key
AES
Fast bulk

Asymmetric

Public plus private
RSA
Solves key exchange
Shared vs key pair

Security Goal Picker SE

Keep data secret → Confidentiality
Prevent tampering → Integrity
Keep it online → Availability
Verify identity → Authentication
Limit permissions → Least privilege
Classified labels → MAC

CIA + Encryption SE

CIA triad Confidentiality, integrity, availability
Confidentiality Keep data secret
Integrity Prevent tampering
Availability Keep systems reachable
Symmetric One shared key AES
Asymmetric Public plus private RSA
Hashing One-way fingerprint
TLS Encrypts data in transit

MFA Factor Types SE

Know, Have, Are
Know: password Have: CAC token Are: biometric

Trojan vs Worm SE

Trojan

Disguised software
Needs user action
No self-replication

Worm

Self-replicates
No user needed
Spreads over network
Tricked vs automatic

Auth + Access Control SE

Authentication Prove who you are
Authorization What you may do
MFA Two different factor types
CAC Smart card you have
MAC Clearance labels enforced
RBAC Access by job role
DAC Owner sets permissions
Least privilege Minimum access needed

Threats + Attacks SE

Virus Needs host file
Worm Self-replicates over network
Trojan Disguised, needs user action
Ransomware Encrypts, demands payment
Phishing Fake message steals data
DoS Floods to deny service
Zero-day No patch exists yet
Social engineering Manipulates people, not code

Common Traps

Arithmetic vs Geometric

Arithmetic adds constant ≠ Geometric multiplies ratio

Contrapositive vs Converse

Contrapositive always valid ≠ Converse not guaranteed

Bit vs Byte

Bit is one digit ≠ Byte is eight bits

CPU vs RAM

CPU executes instructions ≠ RAM only stores

TCP vs UDP

TCP reliable, slower ≠ UDP fast, no guarantee

DoS vs Phishing

DoS hits availability ≠ Phishing hits confidentiality

Padlock is not trust

Padlock means encrypted ≠ Site may be malicious

Last Minute

1. About 40 questions, 20 minutes
2. Logic and problem-solving weigh most
3. Arithmetic adds; geometric multiplies
4. Contrapositive valid; converse is not
5. TCP reliable; UDP fast
6. 80 HTTP, 443 HTTPS, 22 SSH
7. Class A starts at 1
8. 255.255.255.0 gives 254 hosts
9. CPU executes; RAM stores
10. CIA: confidentiality, integrity, availability
11. MFA mixes different factor types
12. AES symmetric; RSA asymmetric
13. Read fake domains right to left

DoD Cyber Test

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