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GELE Geodetic Engineering Cheat Sheet

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Laws + Regulations

  • 20% of exam
  • RA 8560 Land Registration Public Land Professional Seal

Mathematics

  • 20% of exam
  • Least Squares Weighted Mean Trigonometry Engineering Economics

Surveying Practice

  • 20% of exam
  • Traverse Closure Leveling Survey Control Special Surveys

Geodesy

  • 20% of exam
  • Reference Datum Geoid + Ellipsoid GNSS Control Networks

Cartography

  • 20% of exam
  • Map Projections Coordinate Systems GIS Photogrammetry

Quick Facts

  • Exam PRC GELE
  • Subjects Five
  • Subject weight 20% each
  • TOS items 395 total
  • Laws items 75
  • Other subjects 80 each
  • Pass 70% weighted average
  • Subject floor 55%

Professional Law LA

  • RA 8560 Philippine Geodetic Engineering Act
  • PRC Licensure-system administrator
  • Board Geodetic-practice regulator
  • Practice scope Surveying and mapping services
  • Professional seal Authenticates responsible work
  • Direct supervision Professional work accountability
  • Ethics Competence, integrity, public welfare

Land Law LA

  • Regalian Doctrine State owns default resources
  • Public land Classify before disposition
  • Torrens system Registered land-title system
  • Cadastre Parcel boundary framework
  • Metes and bounds Boundary course description
  • Property survey Locates legal parcel limits
  • Survey plan Graphical survey record

Accuracy vs Precision MA

Accuracy

  • Near true value
  • Bias-sensitive

Precision

  • Repeatable observations
  • Scatter-sensitive
  • Precision alone can be biased

Errors + Adjustment MA

  • Residual Observed minus adjusted
  • Correction Adjusted minus observed
  • Weighted mean Σ(wx) ÷ Σw
  • Least squares Minimize weighted residual squares
  • Standard deviation Square root variance
  • Relative precision Length ÷ closure error
  • Distance formula √(ΔE² + ΔN²)

Surveying Math MA

  • Azimuth Clockwise angle from north
  • Bearing Quadrant direction angle
  • Latitude North-south line component
  • Departure East-west line component
  • Law of sines Opposite sides and angles
  • Law of cosines Included-angle triangle solution
  • Present worth Future value discounted

Leveling Relation SU

  • HI equals known elevation plus BS.
  • HI height instrument BS backsight FS subtracts

Survey Method Picker SU

  • Need legal parcel limits → Cadastral survey ( Corners and boundaries )
  • Need terrain detail → Topographic survey ( Relief and features )
  • Need water depths → Hydrographic survey ( Soundings )
  • Need structure layout → Construction survey ( Line and grade )
  • Need network reference → Control survey ( Accurate framework )
  • Need traverse balance → Bowditch rule ( Comparable observations )
  • Need absolute position → GNSS ( Satellite reference )
  • Need relative elevations → Leveling ( Height differences )

Field Surveying SU

  • Traverse Connected measured courses
  • Misclosure Unbalanced traverse vector
  • Bowditch rule Length-proportional corrections
  • Backsight Reading to known elevation
  • Height of instrument Known elevation plus backsight
  • Foresight Reading to target point
  • Control survey Accurate reference framework

Bowditch Rule SU

  • Longer course carries larger correction.
  • Length proportional Traverse correction

Survey Types SU

  • Cadastral survey Parcel boundaries and corners
  • Topographic survey Terrain and surface features
  • Hydrographic survey Water depths and features
  • Construction survey Layout and as-built checks
  • Route survey Linear infrastructure alignment
  • Mining survey Mineral-work location data
  • Leveling Elevation difference measurement

Height Relation GE

  • H equals h minus N.
  • H orthometric h ellipsoidal N geoid undulation

Geoid vs Ellipsoid GE

Geoid

  • Gravity-related surface
  • Orthometric-height reference

Ellipsoid

  • Mathematical reference surface
  • GNSS-height reference
  • Use H = h − N

Geodetic Foundations GE

  • Datum Coordinate reference framework
  • Reference ellipsoid Mathematical Earth model
  • Geoid Gravity-related height surface
  • Ellipsoidal height Height above ellipsoid
  • Orthometric height Height above geoid
  • Geoid undulation Ellipsoid-to-geoid separation
  • H = h − N Orthometric-height relation

Pseudorange vs Carrier GE

Pseudorange

  • Code-based range
  • Lower raw precision

Carrier phase

  • Phase-based range
  • Requires ambiguity resolution
  • Precision adds ambiguity challenge

GNSS + Control GE

  • Pseudorange Code-based range measurement
  • Carrier phase Precise phase measurement
  • Integer ambiguity Unknown whole cycles
  • Multipath Reflected-signal error
  • Static GNSS Long simultaneous observations
  • RTK Real-time differential positioning
  • Grid convergence Grid-geodetic north difference

Grid vs Geodetic North GE

Grid north

  • Projection-grid direction
  • Map coordinate reference

Geodetic north

  • Meridian-based direction
  • Ellipsoid reference
  • Convergence relates directions

Projection Choice CA

  • Conformal angles; equal-area areas.
  • Shape priority Area priority

Conformal vs Equal-area CA

Conformal

  • Preserves local angles
  • Distorts area

Equal-area

  • Preserves relative area
  • Distorts local angles
  • Choose the required property

Mapping + Adjustment Picker CA

  • Need local-angle fidelity → Conformal projection ( Shape priority )
  • Need area comparison → Equal-area projection ( Area priority )
  • Need discrete features → Vector GIS ( Points and lines )
  • Need continuous surface → Raster GIS ( Cell values )
  • Need image accuracy → Ground control ( Known coordinates )
  • Need height conversion → H = h − N ( Use geoid separation )
  • Need best observations → Weighted mean ( Weight precision )
  • Need network adjustment → Least squares ( Minimize residual squares )

Map Projections CA

  • Map projection Earth-to-plane transformation
  • Conformal Preserves local angles
  • Equal-area Preserves relative area
  • Scale factor Projection distance ratio
  • Representative fraction Map-to-ground ratio
  • Coordinate transformation Convert reference systems
  • Grid north Projection-grid direction

GIS + Imagery CA

  • Vector Points, lines, polygons
  • Raster Grid-cell values
  • Attribute Nonspatial feature data
  • Orthophoto Geometrically corrected imagery
  • Ground control Surveyed image reference
  • Photo scale Focal length ÷ height
  • Remote sensing Distance-based data capture

Common Traps

Title vs boundary

  • Title records rights ≠ Survey locates boundaries

Residual vs correction

  • Residual observed-adjusted ≠ Correction adjusted-observed

Geoid vs ellipsoid

  • Geoid gravity surface ≠ Ellipsoid mathematical surface

Grid vs geodetic

  • Grid uses projection ≠ Geodetic uses meridians

Conformal vs area

  • Conformal preserves angles ≠ Equal-area preserves area

RTK vs static

  • RTK real-time corrections ≠ Static longer observations

Last Minute

  • 1. Five subjects; 20% each
  • 2. 395 TOS items total
  • 3. Laws 75; others 80
  • 4. Pass: 70%; no subject below 55%
  • 5. Third failure: wait one year
  • 6. Residual = observed minus adjusted
  • 7. Bowditch distributes by course length
  • 8. HI = elevation plus backsight
  • 9. H = h minus N
  • 10. Carrier phase needs ambiguities resolved
  • 11. Conformal angles; equal-area areas
  • 12. Use ground control for imagery

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