Study guide
9.2 Causality Assessment, Expectedness, Reference Safety Information (RSI) & SUSARs
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1 Chapter 1: GCP Principles, Roles & Delegation
1.1 The Eleven ICH E6(R3) Principles of GCP & Guideline Structure 1.2 Sponsor & Investigator Responsibilities and Delegation of Authority 1.3 Staff Training, Qualifications & Delegation of Authority Log (DOAL) 1.4 CRO Oversight, Vendor Management & Transfer of Regulatory Obligations (TORO)
2 Chapter 2: Essential Records, Source Documentation & Data Confidentiality
2.1 Essential Records Before, During and After the Trial (ICH E6(R3) Appendix C) 2.2 Trial Master File (TMF) and Investigator Site File (ISF) Structure & Inspection Readiness 2.3 Source Documentation, ALCOAC Principles & Medical Record Standards 2.4 Confidentiality, Privacy & Protection of Participant Personal Information
3 Chapter 3: Monitoring, Quality Management & Audits
3.1 Risk-Based Quality Management (RBQM) & Quality Management Systems (QMS) 3.2 Monitoring Visit Types: Site Selection, SIV, IMV, and Close-Out 3.3 Risk-Based Monitoring (RBM), Centralized Monitoring & Source Data Verification (SDV vs SDR) 3.4 Quality Audits, Regulatory Inspections, Non-Compliance & Root Cause Analysis / CAPA
4 Chapter 4: Site Feasibility, Start-Up, Facilities & Laboratory Operations
4.1 Site Feasibility Assessment, Capability Analysis & Investigator Selection 4.2 Contractual Agreements: Clinical Trial Agreements, Budgets, Indemnification & Financial Arrangements 4.3 Site Initiation Preparation, System Access & Regulatory Greenlight 4.4 Protocol Review, Operational Feasibility & Institutional Approvals 4.5 Site Facilities, Equipment Maintenance, Calibration & Trial Supplies 4.6 Biological Samples & Hazardous Goods: Collection, Storage, Disposal & Shipment
5 Chapter 5: Subject Recruitment, Retention & Study Visits
5.1 Subject Recruitment Strategies, Advertising Guidelines & Ethical Constraints 5.2 Screening, Eligibility Verification & Inclusion/Exclusion Adherence 5.3 Subject Retention, Compliance, Visit Scheduling & Protocol Window Management 5.4 Managing Lost to Follow-Up, Subject Withdrawal & Early Termination Procedures
6 Chapter 6: Protocol Compliance, Deviations & Site Close-Out
6.1 Protocol Compliance, Waivers vs. Violations & Deviation Management 6.2 Investigational Site Close-Out Activities & Final Reconciliations 6.3 Record Retention, Archiving Requirements & Post-Trial Responsibilities
7 Chapter 7: Research Ethics, Vulnerable Populations & Research Integrity
7.1 Historical Milestones: Nuremberg Code, Belmont Report & Declaration of Helsinki 7.2 Ethical Principles: Beneficence, Non-Maleficence, Autonomy, Justice & Equipoise 7.3 Vulnerable Populations (Pediatrics, Pregnant Women, Prisoners, Cognitively Impaired, Economically Disadvantaged) 7.4 Conflict of Interest, Research Misconduct & Fraud in Clinical Research
8 Chapter 8: Informed Consent & Institutional Review Boards (IRB/IEC)
8.1 Informed Consent Elements, Process & Ongoing Consent / Re-Consent Requirements 8.2 Assent in Minors & Legally Acceptable Representative (LAR) Requirements 8.3 IRB/IEC Composition, Functions, Review Types (Full, Expedited, Exempt) & Continuing Review
9 Chapter 9: Safety Reporting & Adverse Event Management (ICH E2A)
9.1 Adverse Events (AE) vs. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) & Serious Adverse Events (SAE) Definitions 9.2 Causality Assessment, Expectedness, Reference Safety Information (RSI) & SUSARs 9.3 Expedited Reporting Timelines (7-day fatal/life-threatening, 15-day other serious) & Periodic Safety Updates (DSUR)
10 Chapter 10: Investigational Product (IP) Management & Accountability
10.1 Investigational Product Lifecycle, Labeling, Packaging & Blinding Procedures 10.2 IP Shipping, Receipt, Temperature Monitoring, Excursion Handling & Chain of Custody 10.3 IP Storage, Dispensing, Accountability Logs & Destruction/Return Procedures 10.4 Emergency Unblinding (Code Breaking) Protocols & Subject Safety Procedures
11 Chapter 11: Regulatory Frameworks, Submissions & Product Reference Information
11.1 Stakeholders, Regulatory Institutions & Global Frameworks in Clinical Research 11.2 Protocol Submission, Approval & Amendment Processes 11.3 Investigator's Brochure, Instructions for Use & Reference Product Information 11.4 Regulatory Reporting Requirements Before and After Marketing Authorisation
12 Chapter 12: Clinical Data Management, EDC & Electronic Records
12.1 Electronic Data Capture (EDC), eCRF Design & Clinical Data Management Systems (CDMS) 12.2 Computerised Systems, Data Governance & Audit Trails (ICH E6(R3) Annex 1 §4) 12.3 Data Validation, Edit Checks, Discrepancy / Query Management & Resolution 12.4 Medical Coding (MedDRA, WHO Drug), SAE Reconciliation, Data Transfer & Database Lock
13 Chapter 13: Trial Design, Biostatistics, Data Monitoring & Transparency
13.1 Phases of Clinical Research (Phase 0, I, II, III, IV) & Translational Medicine 13.2 Study Designs: Parallel, Crossover, Factorial, Adaptive & Non-Inferiority / Equivalence 13.3 Randomization Schemes, Stratification, Blinding Methods & Minimizing Bias 13.4 Endpoints (Primary, Secondary, Surrogate, Composite), Sample Size & Biostatistical Concepts (p-values, CI, ITT vs PP) 13.5 Interim Analyses, DSMB/IDMC Oversight & Efficacy and Safety Evaluation Milestones 13.6 Trial Registration, Results Transparency & Communicating Results to Participants
9.2 Causality Assessment, Expectedness, Reference Safety Information (RSI) & SUSARs
Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI
Causality assessment determines whether there is a 'reasonable possibility' that the investigational product caused the adverse event; regulatory reporting is triggered when either the investigator or the sponsor considers an event related (ICH E2A / 21 CFR 312.32).
The WHO-UMC (World Health Organization - Uppsala Monitoring Centre) causality classification standard categorizes adverse events into Certain, Probable/Likely, Possible, Unlikely, Conditional/Unclassified, and Unassessable/Unclassifiable.
Expectedness is evaluated strictly against the approved Reference Safety Information (RSI), typically found in Section 7 of the Investigator's Brochure (IB) for unapproved investigational products or the Package Insert / SmPC for marketed drugs.
An adverse event is considered 'Unexpected' if its nature, severity, specificity, or outcome is not consistent with the reference safety information in the IB or current package labeling (ICH E2A Section II.C).
A Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR) requires three concurrent criteria: (1) Serious, (2) Unexpected per RSI, and (3) Suspected causal relationship (ADR); expedited reporting requires maintaining blinding at the site while the sponsor's dedicated safety team unblinds the case for regulatory submission.
Last updated: August 2026
Causality Assessment, Expectedness, Reference Safety Information (RSI) & SUSARs
Core Pharmacovigilance Principle: The determination of whether a Serious Adverse Event (SAE) requires expedited reporting to global regulatory authorities (such as the FDA, EMA, PMDA, and NMPA) and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) hinges upon two pivotal assessments: Causality (Is there a reasonable possibility that the investigational product caused the event?) and Expectedness (Is the event listed in the approved Reference Safety Information?). An event that is simultaneously Serious , Unexpected , and Suspected to be drug-related is classified as a SUSAR (Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction).
1. Causality Assessment Framework
Causality assessment is the medical and scientific evaluation of the likelihood that a medicinal product administered to a clinical trial subject is responsible for a reported adverse event. Under ICH E2A Section III.A and FDA 21 CFR 312.32(a) , the threshold for establishing a suspected adverse reaction is "reasonable possibility" —meaning there is evidence to suggest a causal relationship between the drug and the adverse event. ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT DETERMINANTS │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 1. TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP: Did the event occur after drug administration? │
- │ Is the onset consistent with the drug's mechanism and pharmacokinetics│
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 2. DECHALLENGE: Does the event diminish or resolve when the IP is │
- │ discontinued or the dose is reduced? (Positive vs. Negative Dechallenge)│
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 3. RECHALLENGE: Does the event recur if the IP is re-administered? │
- │ (Positive Rechallenge is the strongest clinical evidence of causality)│
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 4. BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY: Is the event consistent with the known │
- │ pharmacological class effect, receptor target, or animal toxicology? │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 5. ALTERNATIVE ETIOLOGIES: Can the event be readily explained by the │
- │ subject's underlying disease, progression, or concomitant medications?│
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
- A. The WHO-UMC Causality Classification System
The World Health Organization–Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) standardized causality assessment system is widely adopted across international pharmacovigilance operations:
Causality Category Diagnostic & Clinical Criteria
Certain • Event or laboratory test abnormality with plausible time relationship to drug intake.; • Cannot be explained by disease or other drugs.; • Response to withdrawal ( positive dechallenge ) is clinically plausible.; • Event is definitive pharmacologically or phenomenologically (e.g., objective rechallenge confirmation).
Probable / Likely • Event with reasonable time sequence to drug intake.; • Unlikely to be attributed to disease or other drugs.; • Clinically reasonable response on withdrawal ( positive dechallenge ).; • Rechallenge not required.
Possible • Event with reasonable time sequence to drug intake.; • Could also be explained by disease, environmental factors, or other concomitant drugs.; • Information on drug withdrawal may be lacking or unclear.
Unlikely • Event with a temporal relationship to drug intake that makes a causal relationship improbable (but not impossible).; • Disease or other drugs provide plausible explanations.
Conditional / Unclassified • Event or laboratory abnormality reported as an adverse reaction, about which more data is essential for a proper assessment.; • Additional data under examination.
Unassessable / Unclassifiable • Report suggesting an adverse reaction that cannot be judged because information is insufficient or contradictory, and cannot be supplemented or verified.
B. The Dual Causality Rule in Clinical Trials
In interventional clinical trials, both the Principal Investigator and the Sponsor perform independent causality assessments:
The Investigator's Assessment: The treating physician on site evaluates the participant directly, possesses immediate clinical context, and assigns causality (e.g., Related vs. Unrelated ).
The Sponsor's Assessment: The sponsor's medical safety officer evaluates the event from a cumulative trial-wide and cross-study portfolio perspective.
CRITICAL REGULATORY RULE (ICH E2A / 21 CFR 312.32): If either the Investigator OR the Sponsor determines that there is a reasonable possibility of a causal relationship (i.e., assesses the event as Possible, Probable, Certain, or Related ), the event MUST be treated as a Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction for regulatory reporting purposes.
Sponsor Downgrading Prohibition: The sponsor is strictly prohibited from downgrading an investigator's 'related' causality assessment to 'unrelated' in order to avoid expedited reporting . While the sponsor may present its differing medical opinion in the safety narrative submitted to regulatory authorities, the expedited reporting clock is triggered based on the investigator's related determination.
2. Expectedness Determination & Reference Safety Information (RSI)
Once an adverse event is determined to be a Serious Adverse Drug Reaction (serious and causally related), the next critical determination is Expectedness .
A. Regulatory Definition of Expectedness (ICH E2A Section II.C)
An adverse drug reaction is defined as Unexpected if:
"An adverse reaction, the nature or severity of which is not consistent with the applicable product information (e.g., Investigator's Brochure for an unapproved investigational medicinal product or package insert/summary of product characteristics for an approved product)." ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ WHAT MAKES AN ADVERSE REACTION UNEXPECTED? │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 1. NEW NATURE / EVENT TYPE: The specific medical condition or organ │
- │ toxicity is not listed anywhere in the approved RSI document. │
- │ (e.g., Acute Pancreatitis occurs, but RSI only lists Nausea). │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 2. INCREASED SEVERITY: The event is listed in the RSI, but occurs at a │
- │ substantially higher severity or grade than described. │
- │ (e.g., RSI lists 'Mild Grade 1-2 transaminitis', but subject develops │
- │ 'Fulminant hepatic necrosis leading to liver failure'). │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 3. GREATER SPECIFICITY: The RSI lists a broad general term, but a highly │
- │ specific, serious syndrome occurs. │
- │ (e.g., RSI lists 'Skin rash', but subject develops 'Stevens-Johnson │
- │ Syndrome' or 'Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis'). │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ 4. UNEXPECTED OUTCOME: The event results in a fatal outcome or permanent │
- │ disability when the RSI only lists reversible, non-fatal symptoms. │
- │ (e.g., RSI lists 'Reversible bronchospasm', but event is fatal). │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
- B. The Reference Safety Information (RSI) Document
The official safety benchmark against which expectedness must be judged is the Reference Safety Information (RSI) :
For Unapproved Investigational Products: The RSI is located in Section 7 ( Summary of Data and Guidance for the Investigator ) of the current, approved Investigator's Brochure (IB) .
The RSI section must contain a clear, explicit list of expected serious adverse reactions, including their frequency, severity, and specific nature based on cumulative clinical trial experience.
An adverse reaction cannot be treated as "expected" merely because it was observed in nonclinical animal studies or because it is a known class effect of similar drugs—it must be formally listed in the clinical RSI section of the IB.
For Marketed / Approved Products: The RSI is the approved Package Insert (US Prescribing Information) or European Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) .
Version Control & Implementation: Expectedness must always be judged against the specific RSI version that was approved and active at the time the adverse event occurred. When an IB is updated with new safety information, the new RSI does not take effect for expectedness determinations until it has been formally approved by regulatory authorities and ethics committees.
3. Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reactions (SUSARs)
A SUSAR represents the highest tier of individual case safety alerts in clinical trial operations. Expedited reporting mechanisms exist primarily to identify and report SUSARs to protect human subjects across all active trial sites worldwide. THE SUSAR TRIAD FORMULA
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ │
- │ 1. SERIOUS 2. UNEXPECTED 3. SUSPECTED ADR │
- │ (Meets at least (Not listed in the (Causally related │
- │ one of the 6 ICH approved RSI by to IP per PI or │
- │ E2A Seriousness nature, severity, Sponsor: reasonable │
- │ criteria) or specificity) possibility) │
- │ │
- └──────────────┬──────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬┘
- │ │ │
- └──────────────────────┼──────────────────────┘
- │
- ▼
- ═══════════════
- S U S A R
- ═══════════════
- (Mandates Expedited
- Regulatory & Site
- Safety Notification)
- Operational Decision Matrix for AE/SAE/SUSAR Classification
Event Characteristics Serious? Listed in RSI? Causal Relationship? Regulatory Classification Mandatory Action
Mild headache after oral dosing NO YES Related (Reasonable possibility) Non-Serious ADR Record in eCRF; routine monitoring.
Hospitalization for pneumonia; subject has advanced COPD YES NO Unrelated (Attributed to COPD/infection) Non-Related SAE Site notifies Sponsor within 24h; routine periodic reporting.
Severe nausea requiring overnight IV fluids YES YES (Listed in RSI as serious) Related (Suspected reaction to IP) Expected Serious ADR (SAR) Site notifies Sponsor within 24h; annual DSUR reporting.
Hospitalization for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; RSI lists mild rash YES NO (Unexpected specificity/severity) Related (Investigator assesses Probable) S U S A R Expedited 7-Day or 15-Day Reporting to FDA, EMA, IRBs, & Sites.
4. Unblinding for Safety Reporting: The Safety Firewall
In double-blind clinical trials, maintaining the scientific integrity of the trial requires that investigators, site coordinators, clinical monitors (CRAs), and participants remain blinded to treatment assignments. However, regulatory authorities cannot effectively evaluate drug safety if safety reports contain blinded placebo or active-comparator data. ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ THE SAFETY UNBLINDING FIREWALL │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ INVESTIGATOR SITE DOMAIN (BLINDED) │
- │ • Principal Investigator, Sub-Is, and Study Coordinators remain BLINDED │
- │ • Clinical Research Associates (CRAs) & Trial Managers remain BLINDED │
- │ • Site assesses causality assuming the subject received the active IP │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ SPONSOR SAFETY FIREWALL │
- │ • Dedicated Pharmacovigilance / Safety Team breaks blind for SUSAR │
- │ • Only unblinded safety personnel process the unblinded report │
- ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ REGULATORY SUBMISSION DOMAIN (UNBLINDED) │
- │ • Unblinded SUSAR report submitted to FDA / EMA / Competent Authorities │
- │ • If subject was on PLACEBO: Event is NOT a SUSAR (No expedited report) │
- │ • If subject was on ACTIVE IP: Expedited SUSAR clock proceeds │
- │ • Blinded or aggregated safety alerts sent to participating sites │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
- Key Principles of Safety Unblinding (ICH E2A Section III.B)
Investigator Site Remains Blinded: The site investigator must not break the blind simply for the purpose of safety reporting. The investigator evaluates causality under the assumption that the subject received the active investigational drug.
Emergency Clinical Unblinding Exception: The investigator breaks the blind at the site only when knowledge of the treatment assignment is strictly required for the immediate emergency medical management of the patient (e.g., administering a specific reversal agent or antidote).
Sponsor Safety Team Unblinding: The sponsor's independent pharmacovigilance unit unblinds the treatment code behind a strict electronic and operational firewall. If the unblinding reveals that the patient was receiving placebo, the event is not an investigational drug reaction, and expedited reporting to regulatory authorities is not required. If the patient received the active investigational product, the expedited SUSAR submission proceeds.
Protecting Site Blindness During Safety Notifications: When the sponsor distributes expedited safety notifications ("Dear Investigator" letters / IND Safety Reports) to all participating study sites, the reports must be presented in a manner that maintains the blinding of the ongoing clinical trial at the investigative sites (e.g., blinding specific subject IDs or presenting cross-study safety summaries).
5. Realistic Clinical Scenario: Causality, Expectedness, and SUSAR Processing
Clinical Scenario: Dr. Marcus Vance is the Principal Investigator on a Phase III randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial comparing an investigational monoclonal antibody ( MAB-102 ) against standard therapy for metastatic melanoma.
On Day 45, Subject 502 (a 58-year-old male) develops severe blistering across 40% of his body surface area, accompanied by high fever (39.5°C), mucosal sloughing, and severe conjunctivitis. Dr. Vance admits the subject to the hospital burn intensive care unit with a confirmed diagnosis of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) .
Dr. Vance consults the current approved Investigator's Brochure (Version 4.0, Section 7 - RSI) for MAB-102 . Section 7 lists the following expected adverse reactions based on previous clinical studies: "Grade 1-2 maculopapular pruritic rash (18%), Grade 1 dry skin (12%), and mild alopecia (4%)" . Section 7 contains no mention of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, or life-threatening bullous dermatoses.
Dr. Vance assesses causality as Probable because the onset occurred 10 days after the second infusion and the subject takes no other new medications. Dr. Vance completes an initial SAE report form and transmits it to the sponsor within 18 hours of site awareness, keeping the site blinded.
Step-by-Step Pharmacovigilance Triage:
Seriousness Check: Meets ICH E2A Seriousness Criteria #2 (Life-Threatening) and #3 (Inpatient Hospitalization). -> SERIOUS.
Causality Check: Dr. Vance determined causality as Probable (reasonable possibility). Under the dual causality rule, this qualifies as a suspected reaction regardless of sponsor opinion. -> SUSPECTED ADR.
Expectedness Check: The RSI lists only "Grade 1-2 maculopapular rash" . Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis represents a severe, distinct, life-threatening bullous dermatosis of vastly greater severity and specificity. -> UNEXPECTED.
SUSAR Classification: The event satisfies all three legs of the SUSAR triad (Serious + Suspected ADR + Unexpected). -> CONFIRMED SUSAR.
Unblinding Protocol: The sponsor's independent pharmacovigilance safety officer unblinds Subject 502's treatment code. The record reveals the subject was randomized to active MAB-102 . The sponsor initiates the expedited 7-day fatal/life-threatening regulatory reporting clock, while Dr. Vance, the research coordinators, and the site CRA remain blinded.