Study guide
9.4 Harvesting the Value of Team Diversity
APMG Change Management Foundation Exam
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1 Chapter 1: The v3 Foundation Exam and the Organisational Context
1.1 Exam Structure, the Five Syllabus Areas and the Certification Path 1.2 Scene Setting: External and Internal Factors Shaping Change 1.3 Change Management, Benefits and Dis-benefits
2 Chapter 2: Understanding the Change Context
2.1 Kelman's Three Levels of Adoption 2.2 VUCA and the Cynefin Framework 2.3 Planned Change versus Emergent Change 2.4 Systems Thinking in Change 2.5 Organisational Culture and Its Three Levels
3 Chapter 3: Diagnosing and Structuring the Change Approach
3.1 Lewin's Force Field Analysis 3.2 Co-Design 3.3 The ADKAR Model 3.4 Evolving the n-Step Process and Kotter's Eight Accelerators
4 Chapter 4: Delivery Strategy, Agile Practices and the Change Strategy
4.1 Delivery Strategy: Big Bang, Phased, Voluntary and Iterative 4.2 Agile Practices and Agile Change Practices 4.3 The Continuous Change Management Cycle 4.4 The Change Strategy
5 Chapter 5: People and Change — Individual Difference and Response
5.1 Differences in People and Personality Preferences 5.2 Neuroscience and Change: SCARF, Mindset and Insight 5.3 The Change Curve 5.4 Bridges' Transition Model
6 Chapter 6: Motivation, Resilience and Learning
6.1 Rewards, Punishment and Pink's Three Motivators 6.2 Positive Psychology, Resilience and Appreciative Inquiry 6.3 The Beckhard-Harris Change Formula and Schein's Two Anxieties 6.4 Competence, Learning and the Learning Dip 6.5 Learning Preferences: Kolb, Honey and Mumford
7 Chapter 7: Key Roles in Change Leadership
7.1 Key Roles in the Change Process 7.2 The Role of the Change Sponsor 7.3 The Change Agent's Role and Personal Influence 7.4 The Role of Local Leadership in Change
8 Chapter 8: Psychological Safety, Leadership and Culture
8.1 Psychological Climate and Psychological Safety 8.2 Carolyn Taylor: How Leadership Shapes Culture 8.3 Leadership Styles and Organisational Climate
9 Chapter 9: Teams and Change
9.1 Team Structures and Change Agent Networks 9.2 Tuckman's Stages of Team Development 9.3 Lencioni: Assessing and Growing Team Effectiveness 9.4 Harvesting the Value of Team Diversity
10 Chapter 10: Stakeholder Identification, Analysis and Engagement
10.1 Stakeholder Definition and Identification 10.2 Stakeholder Analysis, Segmentation and Empathy Mapping 10.3 Stakeholder Mapping and Sources of Power 10.4 Barriers to Engagement 10.5 Planning Stakeholder Engagement
11 Chapter 11: Communication Theory, Messaging and Emotional Connection
11.1 Communication Theory and the Communication Process 11.2 Barriers to Communication and Cognitive Biases 11.3 Messaging: Setting Context and the Tell, Sell, Include Approach 11.4 Appealing to Hearts and Minds
12 Chapter 12: Communication Channels and Planning
12.1 Ways of Communicating and VARK Language Style Preferences 12.2 Communication Channels: One-Way, Two-Way, Lean and Rich 12.3 Communications Planning
13 Chapter 13: Assessing Change Impact and Severity
13.1 Change Management as Risk Management and the Two-Step Assessment 13.2 Step 1: Categorising Impacts and Identifying Impact Areas 13.3 Step 1 Continued: Gap Analysis, Impact Profiles and Monitoring 13.4 Step 2: Change Impact Severity
14 Chapter 14: Resistance to Change
14.1 Causes of Resistance and Oreg's Four Neural Factors 14.2 Common Reasons for Resistance and How to Deal With Them 14.3 Building a Strategy to Manage Resistance
15 Chapter 15: Change Analytics and Exam Readiness
15.1 Measurement Types and the Change Delivery Scorecard 15.2 Building a Change Analytics Strategy 15.3 Exam Technique and Final Revision
9.4 Harvesting the Value of Team Diversity
Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI
Diverse teams offer more viewpoints and insights, typically greater creativity, are less likely to miss important details, and reach better-quality decisions
Diverse teams take longer to develop mutual understanding and take longer over decisions
Teams of similars reach common understandings sooner and decide more quickly, but have a narrower perspective and typically produce poorer-quality decisions
Diverse teams with a high level of psychological safety enjoy higher well-being than teams of similars with equivalent psychological safety
The three recommendations are to seek diverse teams, allow them time to develop full effectiveness, and build psychological safety in them
Last updated: September 2026
CM3 addresses harvesting the value of team diversity — the word harvesting is deliberate, because the value is available but has to be worked for.
Diverse teams versus teams of similars
Diverse team Team of 'similars'
Advantages More viewpoints and insights; typically greater creativity; less likely to miss important details; better-quality decisions Common understandings reached sooner; quicker decision-taking process
Disadvantages Mutual understanding takes longer to develop — perhaps due to more time and effort in the storming stage; decision-taking process takes longer Narrower perspective; may overlook options or issues; typically poorer-quality decisions
The trade-off is clear and it is a real one: diversity buys decision quality at the cost of decision speed . Teams of similars are genuinely faster, and CM3 does not pretend otherwise. What it argues is that the speed comes from a narrower perspective that overlooks options and issues, which is why the decisions are typically worse.
Note the explicit link to Tuckman: the extra time diverse teams need for mutual understanding is attributed to more time and effort in the storming stage . That reframes a diverse team's early friction as the mechanism by which its advantage is produced, not as a problem to be managed away.
The psychological safety finding
CM3 reports a specific research finding that the exam quotes:
Diverse teams with a high level of psychological safety enjoyed higher well-being than teams of 'similars' with equivalent psychological safety.
The comparison is carefully constructed. It holds psychological safety equal across both team types and finds that diversity then produces higher well-being — not merely better decisions, but a better experience for the people in the team.
The conditional matters just as much. This is a finding about diverse teams with a high level of psychological safety . Diversity without psychological safety does not deliver these benefits; it produces the disadvantages — longer to reach mutual understanding, slower decisions — without the compensating advantages, because the differing viewpoints never get expressed.
The three recommendations
CM3 summarises with three key recommendations to harvest the benefits of diverse teams:
- DO seek to have diverse teams
- DO allow those teams time to develop their full effectiveness
- DO work to build in those teams the psychological safety that frees them to perform
These will be the teams most likely to generate high-quality outputs for the organisation and high levels of team satisfaction .
The second recommendation is the one organisations most often skip. A diverse change agent network assembled from fifteen departments will be slower and more argumentative in its first two months than a hand-picked group of like-minded people would be. Judging it against that comparison at week six, and replacing it with something more comfortable, forfeits the advantage precisely at the point before it materialises.
What diversity means here
CM3's treatment of diversity in this section is broad. It includes the personality preference differences covered earlier — Thinking and Feeling colleagues bringing complementary strengths to a discussion about the impact of change — as well as differences of function, background, experience and perspective. The conflicts and complementarity point from the individual differences material is the same argument at individual scale: look for the strengths each person can contribute, and if individuals can understand and respect each other's contribution, they could begin to make a great team.
Practical implications for change teams
Three consequences for how a change manager builds and runs teams:
Compose deliberately. A change team of people who all think like the change manager will produce plans that make sense to the change manager and miss what operations, finance and front-line staff would have caught. The extra viewpoints are the point.
Plan for the slower start. Build the additional norming time into the schedule rather than treating it as slippage. This is also why the change agent network induction activities matter — getting to know the change team and each other accelerates the process.
Invest in safety first. Because the benefits are conditional on psychological safety, the highest-value early investment in a diverse team is the safety work: how disagreement is handled, how mistakes are treated, and whether the least senior member's objection gets a real hearing. Without that, the diversity is on the org chart and not in the decisions.
Diversity in the change agent network
The diversity argument applies with particular force to the change agent network, because the network exists precisely to see what the central team cannot.
A network recruited for enthusiasm produces a group of people who already support the change. They are pleasant to work with, they report encouraging news, and they are systematically unrepresentative of the population whose adoption determines whether the change succeeds. The sceptical supervisor with fifteen years in the role is a more valuable network member than the early adopter who volunteered, because their objections are the ones the wider group also holds but does not voice.
This requires the psychological safety condition to be genuinely met. A network that includes sceptics but treats scepticism as disloyalty converts them into silent participants within two meetings, and you are back to a group of similars with extra names on it.
The practical test of whether the network is diverse in a useful sense is simple: in the last month, did the network tell the change team something the change team did not want to hear? If not, either the network lacks the perspective or it lacks the safety, and both are fixable.