Study guide
Exam Format, Scoring, and Retakes
AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional SAP-C02
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1 Introduction and SAP-C02 Exam Facts
Current SAP-C02 Exam Facts Exam Format, Scoring, and Retakes Candidate Profile and Four Exam Domains
2 Multi-Account Governance
Multi-Account Strategy, Account Topologies, and OU Hierarchies Service Control Policies, Inheritance, and Permission Guardrails Control Tower, Landing Zones, Central Logging, and Resource Sharing
3 Hybrid and Inter-VPC Connectivity
Transit Gateway, VPC Connectivity, and PrivateLink Direct Connect, VPN, and Hybrid Redundancy Hybrid DNS with Route 53 Resolver Segmentation, Traffic Monitoring, and Service Endpoints
4 Identity Federation and Cross-Account Access
IAM Identity Center, External IdPs, and Workforce Federation Cross-Account Roles, STS, and Resource Policies Permissions Boundaries, Delegated Administration, and Least Privilege at Scale
5 Data Protection, Encryption, and Compliance
KMS, Multi-Region Keys, Envelope Encryption, and Certificates Encryption in Transit, Security Groups, NACLs, and VPC Endpoints Centralized Audit, Security Hub, GuardDuty, Inspector, and Access Analyzer
6 Deployment, Compute, Containers, and Serverless
Infrastructure as Code, CI/CD, Change Management, and Rollback EC2 Families, Auto Scaling, and Managed Compute ECS, EKS, Fargate, and ECR at Enterprise Scale Lambda, Step Functions, API Gateway, and Configuration Management
7 Storage, Caching, and Edge Performance
S3 Storage Classes, Object Lock, Replication, and Access Paths EBS, EFS, FSx Family, and Storage Gateway CloudFront Behaviors, Origin Access, Edge Compute, and Global Accelerator ElastiCache, MemoryDB, DAX, and Buffering versus Cache versus Replicas
8 Purpose-Built and Global Databases
Aurora Storage, Replicas, and Global Database DynamoDB Keys, Global Tables, and DAX Purpose-Built Database Selection
9 Integration, Messaging, and Streaming
API Gateway Architectures Decoupled Messaging with Amazon SQS and Amazon SNS Event-Driven Design with Amazon EventBridge Streaming Analytics with Amazon Kinesis and Amazon MSK
10 Resilience and Disaster Recovery
Disaster Recovery Patterns Route 53 Routing and Application Recovery Controller Backup, Replication, and Service Quotas High Availability, Failover, Chaos, and Self-Healing
11 Operational Excellence and Automation
CloudWatch Centralized Telemetry Distributed Tracing with AWS X-Ray Systems Manager Automation Deployment Strategies and Auto-Remediation
12 Cost Optimization and Visibility
Cost Explorer, Budgets, CUR, and Allocation Tags Savings Plans, Reserved Instances, Coverage, and Sharing Spot, Mixed Auto Scaling, Compute Optimizer, and Storage Lens Data Transfer Modeling: NAT, Endpoints, CloudFront, and Hybrid
13 Improve Security and Performance
Secrets, Least Privilege Audits, and Traceability Config Rules, Patching, Backup, and Regulatory Controls Performance Tuning for Existing Workloads
14 Migration Assessment and Wave Planning
Seven Migration Strategies (7 Rs) and Workload Selection Application Discovery, Migration Hub, and Migration Evaluator Wave Planning, Prioritization, and Assessment Governance
15 Migration Tools and Data Transfer
AWS Application Migration Service (MGN) AWS DMS, SCT, and Change Data Capture Large-Scale Data Transfer and Landing-Zone Prerequisites
16 Target Architecture, Modernization, and Cutover
Selecting Compute, Storage, and Database Platforms for Migrated Workloads Container Modernization: ECS, EKS, Fargate, ECR, and Strangler Fig Serverless, Decoupling, Purpose-Built Databases, and Integration Services Cutover, Rollback, and Unscored Emerging AI Topics
Exam Format, Scoring, and Retakes
Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI
SAP-C02 presents 75 questions: 65 scored plus 10 unidentified unscored pretest items; unanswered items count as incorrect, and there is no guessing penalty.
Question types are multiple choice (one correct of four) and multiple response (two or more correct of five or more); you must select every correct response on a multiple-response item to receive credit.
You have 180 minutes; results are a scaled score from 100 to 1000 with a Professional passing standard of 750, and scoring is compensatory so you need not pass each domain.
Final results post to the AWS Certification Account within 5 business days; most AWS exams do not show pass/fail on the test-center screen.
After a fail, wait 14 calendar days, pay the full fee again, and there is no attempt cap; after a pass you cannot retake the same exam for two years unless AWS publishes a new exam guide and series code.
Last updated: September 2026
Why format and scoring decide how you practice
SAP-C02 is a 180-minute , 75-question Professional exam. The stems are long: a company, a constraint set (recovery time objective, recovery point objective, encryption, multi-account, hybrid), and four or five architecture options that all look plausible. If you practice only 60-second trivia, you will run out of clock. If you believe you must "pass Domain 4" as a separate hurdle, you will misread a passing score report. If you leave items blank because a pretest question "might not count," you donate points: unscored items are not marked .
Northwind Payments' Priya has designed AWS Transit Gateway and multi-Region databases before. That experience helps Domain 1 and Domain 2. It does not change the scoring math. This section teaches the response types , scored versus pretest split , scaled 750 bar , compensatory model , results timing , and retake rules from the SAP-C02 exam guide and AWS after-testing policy.
Seventy-five questions: 65 scored plus 10 unidentified pretest
The exam guide is explicit:
The exam includes 65 questions that affect your score .
The exam includes 10 unscored questions that do not affect your score. AWS uses them to evaluate items for future scored use.
Unscored questions are not identified .
Together that is 75 questions . You cannot skip a block labeled "pretest." You cannot spot the 10 by difficulty. Treat every item as live.
Unanswered questions are scored as incorrect. There is no penalty for guessing. A blank and a wrong pick produce the same item result, so a reasoned guess is always better than a skip. On multiple-response items you must select all the correct responses to receive credit; a partial set is not scored as half right.
The official exam item count is 75 . Never replace that number with the size of any practice set.
- Piece Count Effect on scaled score
- Scored items 65 Yes
- Unscored pretest items 10 No
- Total presented 75 You cannot tell which are which
- Official exam size 75 Do not substitute a practice inventory
The exam guide's Emerging Topics section notes that evolving generative-AI controls (examples include Amazon Bedrock Guardrails, AgentCore Identity, and human-oversight workflows with AWS Step Functions) might appear as pretest questions and will not affect your exam score . Those items still sit inside the unidentified 10. Do not spend the entire study calendar on unscored emerging topics at the expense of the four weighted domains, and do not assume every mention of a new service is automatically unscored.
Multiple choice and multiple response
The exam uses one or more of these response types:
Multiple choice: one correct response and three distractors ( 1 of 4 ).
Multiple response: two or more correct responses out of five or more options. You must select every correct response to receive credit.
Professional items often hide the difference in the stem: "which combination," "which two," or an explicit choose-two instruction. If the interface allows multiple selections, do not stop at your favorite single service. A classic miss is picking one correct migration path and forgetting the second required control the stem demanded (for example encryption in transit and a private connectivity pattern). Later chapters teach those services; this section only locks the scoring rule .
Distractors are written to match real AWS services. "Lift-and-shift everything to a single Availability Zone" can look cheap and still violate a reliability constraint in the stem. Read the constraints before you fall in love with a favorite database.
AWS Certification is also reducing reading load on some exams by using official short names (for example Amazon S3, Amazon EC2, IAM). A short-name list is available from the Help button in the exam and on the General Information policy page. Short names do not change scoring; they change how fast you parse a stem.
Time: 180 minutes
180 minutes for 75 items is 2.4 minutes per item if you spend time evenly. Professional stems are not even. A hybrid-network item with a table of recovery objectives can take four minutes. A cleaner encryption-policy item might take ninety seconds.
A workable clock discipline for Northwind's Priya:
First pass: answer items she can decide in about two minutes; flag long multi-response tradeoffs.
Second pass: spend remaining time on flagged items.
Last few minutes: ensure no blank . Guessing has no penalty.
ESL +30 , if approved for an English sitting, makes the appointment 210 minutes . Disability accommodations are separate and must be arranged before scheduling.
Most AWS Certification exams do not display pass/fail on the screen when you finish. Do not wait at the Pearson VUE PC for a 750. Plan to leave, then watch the Certification Account. AWS notes that if you pass, a Credly digital-badge email may arrive before the score appears in the account.
Scaled scores, 750, and compensatory scoring
SAP-C02 is pass/fail. Results are a scaled score from 100 to 1,000 . The minimum passing score is 750 . AWS after-testing policy states that the passing standard represented on the scale is 700 for Foundational, 720 for Associate, and 750 for Professional and Specialty .
Scaled scoring exists because AWS uses multiple exam forms . Forms are statistically equated so a 750 on a slightly harder form means the same standard as a 750 on a slightly easier form. You are not racing a published "percent correct," and AWS does not publish exam-level pass-rate percentages . Do not memorize an unofficial pass-rate figure. The FAQ also notes that AWS does not publish the raw number of items you must answer correctly, because that raw bar can differ by form after equating. What you are given is the 750 scaled Professional standard.
The exam uses a compensatory scoring model : you do not need a passing score in each domain. You need to pass the overall exam . Domain 2 is 29% of scored content and Domain 4 is 20%, so the mix of items is not even, but weaker Domain 4 work with stronger Domain 2 work can still produce an overall 750. The score report may include a classification table by section. AWS warns you to use caution interpreting section-level feedback: it highlights strengths and weaknesses; it is not a second pass/fail bar.
- Level Scaled passing standard (AWS after-testing policy)
- Foundational 700
- Associate 720
- Professional and Specialty, including SAP-C02 750
- Results timing
Final results post to the AWS Certification Account within five business days after the exam closes. An exception is when results are under review for security or technical reasons. When results are ready, Exam History shows the record. For scaled exams you can download a PDF score report from that table.
Benefits such as the subsequent-exam discount are described as available within five business days after passing.
Retake rules
From AWS after-testing policy and FAQs:
- Situation Rule
- Fail Wait 14 calendar days before you may retake
- Attempt cap No limit on attempts
- Fee Full registration fee each attempt
- After a pass Cannot retake the same exam for two years
- Exception after a pass Eligible for a new version if AWS publishes a new exam guide and exam series code
- Beta exams Take the beta version only once; then wait for the generally available exam to retake
Priya fails on 1 October. The 14-day wait means 15 October is the first eligible retake date (count calendar days, not business days). She pays again—using a new voucher only if she still has a valid benefit. If she passes SAP-C02, she cannot grind the same SAP-C02 exam for two years for extra practice. She can sit SAP-C03 later because that is a new series code with a new exam guide, subject to AWS scheduling.
Missing an appointment is not a fail. A no-show forfeits the fee; FAQs state you generally cannot register again until 24 hours after the missed time. That is different from the 14-day fail wait.
Scenario: compensatory scoring at Northwind
Priya's first attempt returns 760 scaled. The classification table looks softer on Domain 4 Accelerate Workload Migration and Modernization than on Domain 2 Design for New Solutions . She passed. A coworker tells her she must "pass every domain at 750." That coworker is describing a conjunctive model AWS does not use here. She should still study migration tools before a job that is migration-heavy, but she should not interpret domain bars as hidden vetoes.
On a second fictional timeline she scores 740 . She failed, even if Domain 2 felt perfect. She waits 14 calendar days , pays the Professional fee again, and does not leave blanks on the retake.
On a third timeline she faces a five-option "select the required controls" item, picks one correct Amazon Virtual Private Cloud endpoint pattern, and skips the second required logging control. The item is wrong in full. Multiple-response credit is all-or-nothing.
- Format traps
- Leaving items blank to "save the pretest."
Selecting one option on a multiple-response item.
Treating any practice inventory size as the official 75.
Expecting an on-screen pass/fail for most AWS exams.
Assuming you must pass each domain at 750.
Retaking the next morning after a fail.
Inventing a pass-rate percentage.
Confusing a no-show (forfeited fee, not a fail) with the 14-day fail wait.