Study guide
Section 2.3: Communicative Development (Language, Literacy, and Dual Language Learners)
CDA Center-Based Birth to Five Exam
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1 Introduction
About the CDA Credential
2 Chapter 1: Planning a Safe and Healthy Learning Environment
Section 1.1: Physical Safety, Supervision, and Emergency Preparedness Section 1.2: Health, Hygiene, Sanitation, and Infection Control Section 1.3: Nutrition, Meal Times, and Healthy Eating Habits Section 1.4: Learning Environment Design (Room Arrangement, Materials, Schedules)
3 Chapter 2: Advancing Children’s Physical and Intellectual Development
Section 2.1: Physical Development (Gross and Fine Motor Skills) Section 2.2: Cognitive Development (Curiosity, Problem-Solving, Math, Science) Section 2.3: Communicative Development (Language, Literacy, and Dual Language Learners) Section 2.4: Creative Development (Music, Movement, Visual Arts, and Play)
4 Chapter 3: Supporting Children’s Social and Emotional Development
Section 3.1: Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Personal Identity Section 3.2: Social Development, Peer Interactions, and Relationship Building Section 3.3: Positive Guidance, Self-Regulation, and Behavior Management
5 Chapter 4: Building Productive Relationships with Families
Section 4.1: Family Engagement and Two-Way Communication Section 4.2: Respecting Family Diversity, Culture, and Home Languages Section 4.3: Collaborative Goal Setting and Family Support Services
6 Chapter 5: Managing an Effective Program Operation
Section 5.1: Daily Program Schedules and Smooth Transitions Section 5.2: Program Records, Policies, and Regulations Section 5.3: Staff Collaboration, Quality Ratings, and Program Evaluation
7 Chapter 6: Maintaining a Commitment to Professionalism
Section 6.1: Professional Ethics and Mandatory Child Abuse/Neglect Reporting Section 6.2: Professional Boundaries and Reflective Practice Section 6.3: Community Advocacy and Professional Development Plans
8 Chapter 7: Observing and Recording Children’s Behavior
Section 7.1: Objective Observation Methods (Running Records, Anecdotals) Section 7.2: Developmental Screening and Authentic Assessment Section 7.3: Early Intervention Referrals and Portfolio Documentation
9 Chapter 8: Principles of Child Development and Learning
Section 8.1: Early Childhood Development Milestones (Birth to Five) Section 8.2: Child Development Theories (Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, Attachment) Section 8.3: Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) and Inclusion
Section 2.3: Communicative Development (Language, Literacy, and Dual Language Learners)
Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI
Receptive language (understanding) develops earlier and is typically stronger than expressive language (speaking) across all age groups.
Dialogic reading is an interactive shared-reading strategy that uses the PEER sequence and CROWD prompts to turn children into active storytellers.
Dual Language Learners (DLLs) benefit from home language (L1) preservation, which provides a strong cognitive foundation for English (L2) acquisition.
Educators must support DLLs using visual schedules, gestures, and classroom print labels in multiple languages, while respecting the natural 'silent period'.
Last updated: July 2026
- Section 2.3: Communicative Development (Language, Literacy, and Dual Language Learners)
- Why This Topic Matters for the Exam
Language and literacy development are essential markers of child development, covered under Competency Goal II: To promote physical and intellectual competence , and Functional Area 6: Communication . As a CDA candidate, you must understand how children acquire language, from pre-verbal cooing to complex sentence structures. The exam will test your knowledge of both receptive and expressive language milestones, interactive reading practices like dialogic reading, and evidence-based strategies to support Dual Language Learners (DLLs). Ensuring that DLLs retain their home language (L1) while acquiring English (L2) is a key CDA standard.
Core Definitions and Concepts
To succeed on this section of the exam, you must master the following communication concepts:
Receptive Language : The ability to understand spoken words, gestures, and written language. Receptive language develops before and is typically stronger than expressive language.
Expressive Language : The ability to communicate thoughts, ideas, feelings, and needs using verbal words, sign language, or gestures.
Dialogic Reading : An interactive shared-reading technique where the adult uses prompts and questions to encourage the child to become the active storyteller.
Dual Language Learners (DLLs) : Children who are learning and developing in two or more languages simultaneously (usually their home language and English in the early childhood classroom).
Phonological Awareness : The broad cognitive skill of recognizing and manipulating the sounds of spoken language, including rhyming, blending, segmenting syllables, and identifying alliteration.
Print Awareness : The understanding that printed letters and words carry meaning, run from left to right and top to bottom on a page, and correspond to spoken language.
- Age-Group Developmental Milestones and Needs
- Infants (0-12 months)
Infants communicate from birth, starting with crying. By 3 months, they coo (producing soft, elongated vowel sounds). By 6 months, cooing turns into babbling (repeating consonant-vowel combinations like "ba-ba" or "ma-ma").
By 9 months, infants understand "no," respond to their names, and use gestures like waving "bye-bye" or pointing. By 12 months, infants say their first meaningful words (often "dada" or "mama") and can follow simple one-step directions accompanied by gestures.
Environmental Needs : Establish a language-rich environment. Respond immediately to infant cries and babbles to teach them that communication is transactional. Practice "self-talk" (narrating your own actions) and "parallel talk" (narrating the child's actions). Share sturdy cardboard books, sing lullabies, and repeat simple fingerplays.
Toddlers (12-36 months)
Toddlers experience a "word spurt" between 18 and 24 months. At 18 months, they have a vocabulary of 10 to 20 words and use single words to represent whole thoughts (holophrases). By 24 months, they combine two words ("more juice") and have a vocabulary of 50 or more words.
By 36 months, toddlers speak in short, 3-to-4-word sentences, ask questions like "Why?", follow two-step directions, and use basic pronouns (I, me, you). Their receptive language continues to be significantly more advanced than their expressive output.
Environmental Needs : Toddlers benefit from dialogic reading, singing repetitive songs, and vocabulary expansion (e.g., if a child points and says "truck," the teacher expands: "Yes, that is a big green dump truck!"). Provide simple props for dramatic play, picture cards, and books that feature clear photographs of familiar objects.
Preschoolers (3-5 years)
Preschoolers develop highly sophisticated communication skills. By age 4, children speak in complete sentences (4 to 6 words), retell simple stories, recognize some rhyming words, and demonstrate basic print awareness.
By age 5, they can speak in complex sentences, use future tense, identify letters and match them to sounds (alphabetic principle), write their first name, and engage in back-and-forth conversations with peers and adults. They show emerging phonological awareness through rhyming games.
Environmental Needs : Preschool classrooms must be print-rich, with labeled shelves, child-written signs, and charts. Offer a dedicated writing center stocked with markers, paper, and envelopes. Use dialogic reading strategies daily, and facilitate dictation activities where children tell stories while the teacher writes them down.
Receptive vs. Expressive Language Milestone Comparison
Age Group Receptive Milestones (Understanding) Expressive Milestones (Speaking/Communicating)
Infants (0-12 mo) Turns toward sounds, responds to name, understands "no" and simple words. Cries, coos, babbles, uses gestures (pointing, waving), says first words.
Toddlers (12-36 mo) Follows two-step directions, points to pictures when named, understands spatial prepositions. Uses holophrases, combines words ("go out"), speaks in short sentences, asks "why?".
Preschoolers (3-5 yr) Comprehends detailed stories, follows multi-step directions, understands basic grammar. Speaks clearly in full sentences, retells stories, uses future tense, conducts conversations.
Supporting Dual Language Learners (DLLs)
Supporting DLLs requires valuing their home language while scaffolding their English acquisition. It is a misconception that using a child's home language delays their English learning; in fact, a strong foundation in L1 supports L2 development.
Home Language Support : Label the classroom in both English and the children's home languages. Read books that represent multiple languages and cultures, and invite family members to share native words.
Visual and Physical Scaffolding : Use real objects (realia), gestures, visual schedules, and picture cards to help children connect English words with concrete meanings.
Respect the "Silent Period" : When learning a new language, children often go through a phase where they listen and absorb language before they speak. Do not force DLLs to speak; instead, provide a low-anxiety environment and validate their non-verbal communications.
Dialogic Reading: The PEER Sequence and CROWD Prompts
Dialogic reading is a key tool to boost language development. During reading, use the PEER sequence :
P rompt the child to say something about the book.
E valuate the child's response.
E xpand the child's response by adding details.
R epeat the prompt to help the child learn from the expansion.
To generate prompts, use the CROWD method:
C ompletion prompts (e.g., leaving a blank at the end of a sentence in a rhyming book).
R ecall prompts (asking the child what happened previously in the story).
O pen-ended prompts (asking the child to describe a picture: "What is happening here?").
W h-questions (who, what, where, why questions).
D istancing prompts (helping the child connect the story to their own life experiences).