4.1 Subject Pronouns & Regular Present Tense (-ar, -er, -ir)

DELE A1 Study Guide Exam

Track your progress as you read

Finished sections get a check mark.

1 Introduction, Exam Architecture & Scoring

1.1 About the DELE A1 Exam: Purpose, CEFR Level & Registration 1.2 Exam Architecture: Four Pruebas & Two-Group Scoring System 1.3 Strategic Preparation: Study Schedule, Time Management & Exam Traps

2 Prueba 1: Comprensión de Lectura (Reading Comprehension)

2.1 Reading Tarea 1: One Personal Email or Postcard (5 Questions) 2.2 Reading Tarea 2: Notes, Signs & Short Notices (Match 6 Sentences to 9 Texts) 2.3 Reading Tarea 3: Matching People's Needs to Short Ads (6 of 9) 2.4 Reading Tarea 4: Extracting Details from One Informational Text (8 Questions)

3 Prueba 2: Comprensión Auditiva (Listening Comprehension)

3.1 Listening Tarea 1: Short Interpersonal Dialogues & Graphic Selection 3.2 Listening Tarea 2: Short Messages & Announcements Matched to Pictures 3.3 Listening Tarea 3: Eight Statements from One Monologue (Matching Beginnings and Endings) 3.4 Listening Tarea 4: One Conversation, Seven Sentences to Complete

4 Core Grammar I: Essential Verbs & Foundations

4.1 Subject Pronouns & Regular Present Tense (-ar, -er, -ir) 4.2 Ser vs. Estar: Permanent Identity vs. Temporary States & Locations 4.3 Essential Irregular & Stem-Changing Verbs 4.4 Reflexive Verbs, Daily Routines & Time Sequencing

5 Core Grammar II: Nouns, Modifiers & Structures

5.1 Gender, Number, Articles & Noun-Adjective Agreement 5.2 Expressing Likes & Preferences: Gustar, Encantar, Interesar & Parecer 5.3 Question Words, Demonstratives & Possessive Adjectives 5.4 High-Yield Verbal Periphrases: Ir a + Infinitivo, Tener que + Infinitivo, Estar + Gerundio

6 Essential Vocabulary: Numbers, Time & Daily Life

6.1 Cardinal Numbers (0–1,000), Telling Time, Calendar & Weather 6.2 Personal Data, Nationalities, Family Members & Descriptions 6.3 The Home, Furniture, Rooms & Spatial Prepositions

7 Situational Vocabulary: Shopping, Travel, Health, Work & Free Time

7.1 Food, Market Shopping, Restaurant Orders & Asking Prices 7.2 City Navigation, Public Transport & Asking for/Giving Directions 7.3 Physical Well-Being, Body Parts, Doctor Visits & Pharmacy Purchases 7.4 Studies, Work, Free Time & Communication

8 Prueba 3: Expresión e Interacción Escritas (Written Expression & Interaction)

8.1 Writing Tarea 1: Personal Data Form Completion & Questionnaires 8.2 Writing Tarea 2: Short Epistolary Texts (Emails, Postcards, Messages & Ads, 30–40 Words) 8.3 Writing Scales, Essential Connectors & Common Spelling Errors

9 Prueba 4: Expresión e Interacción Orales (Oral Expression & Interaction)

9.1 Oral Tarea 1: Personal Presentation (1–2 Minute Monologue) 9.2 Oral Tarea 2: Exposición de un tema (2–3 Minute Talk on a Topic) 9.3 Oral Tarea 3: Conversation with the Interviewer (and Your Two Questions) 9.4 Oral Scoring Scales, Pronunciation & Communication Repair

4.1 Subject Pronouns & Regular Present Tense (-ar, -er, -ir)

Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI

Spanish is a pro-drop (subject-omitting) language where verb inflectional suffixes encode person and number, rendering subject pronouns optional unless required for contrast, emphasis, or disambiguation.

DELE A1 communication strictly distinguishes between informal address (tú singular, vosotros/as plural in Spain) and formal address (usted singular, ustedes plural), with usted and ustedes conjugating with third-person verb forms.

Regular Spanish verbs divide into three inflectional classes based on infinitive endings: -ar (the largest class), -er, and -ir, all sharing an identical -o ending in the first-person singular (yo).

While -er and -ir regular verbs share identical endings for yo (-o), tú (-es), él/ella/usted (-e), and ellos/ellas/ustedes (-en), they diverge fundamentally in nosotros/as (-emos vs. -imos) and vosotros/as (-éis vs. -ís).

A common beginner error in DELE A1 writing and speaking is overusing subject pronouns or attaching inflectional endings to full infinitives rather than the isolated verb stem.

Last updated: October 2026

4.1 Subject Pronouns & Regular Present Tense (-ar, -er, -ir)

Mastering verb conjugations in the present indicative ( el presente de indicativo ) is the central grammatical milestone of the CEFR A1 level. In Spanish, verbs communicate far more than an action: their inflectional endings identify who performs the action and when it occurs. Unlike English, which relies heavily on separate subject pronouns ("I speak", "you speak", "we speak"), Spanish embeds person and number directly into the morphology of the verb itself.

To succeed on the DELE A1 examination—particularly in written composition ( Prueba 3 ) and oral interaction ( Prueba 4 )—you must understand how subject pronouns function, when to omit them, and how to conjugate regular verbs across the three fundamental verb families: -ar , -er , and -ir .

Spanish Subject Pronouns: Forms, Persons & Register

Spanish subject pronouns ( pronombres personales de sujeto ) designate the grammatical agent of an action. They are organized across three grammatical persons in both singular and plural forms:

Grammatical Person Spanish Pronoun English Equivalent Sociolinguistic Register & Usage Notes

1st Person Singular yo I Always singular; lowercase unless beginning a sentence.

2nd Person Singular (Informal) tú you Used with friends, family, peers, children, and classmates. Must carry an accent mark ( tilde ) to distinguish from the possessive adjective tu (your).

3rd Person Singular (Masculine) él he Used for male third parties. Carries an accent mark ( él ) to distinguish from the masculine definite article el (the).

3rd Person Singular (Feminine) ella she Pronounced /'e.ʎa/ or /'e.ʝa/. Used for female third parties.

2nd Person Singular (Formal) usted (abbrev. Ud. ) you (polite/formal) Used for elders, strangers, officials, and professional superiors. Takes third-person singular verb forms.

1st Person Plural nosotros / nosotras we Nosotros is masculine or mixed-gender; nosotras is exclusively all-female.

2nd Person Plural (Informal, Spain) vosotros / vosotras you all (informal) Used exclusively in Peninsular Spanish for informal groups. Vosotras is exclusively all-female.

3rd Person Plural (Masculine) ellos they (masc./mixed) Used for groups of men or mixed-gender groups.

3rd Person Plural (Feminine) ellas they (fem.) Used exclusively for groups composed entirely of women.

2nd Person Plural (Formal in Spain; Universal in Latin America) ustedes (abbrev. Uds. ) you all Takes third-person plural verb forms. In Latin American Spanish, ustedes replaces vosotros entirely.

The Socio-Pragmatic Distinction: Tú vs. Usted

In DELE A1 communication, selecting between tú (informal) and usted (formal) reflects social distance, respect, and institutional hierarchy:

Use Tú (Tratamiento informal / Tutear) : When addressing friends, family members, classmates, colleagues of equal rank, and children. In the DELE A1 exam the register depends on the task: a message to a friend uses tú , while an ad or a message to a business can be neutral or use usted (the Modelo 0 writing Tarea 2 asks for an online ad to rent your flat).

Use Usted (Tratamiento formal / Ustedear) : When addressing the DELE oral examiner ( el entrevistador ), elderly individuals, doctors, police officers, hotel receptionists, and shop assistants in formal commercial transactions. Notice that usted grammatically triggers third-person singular verbs : ¿Cómo se llama usted? (What is your name?), ¿De dónde es usted? (Where are you from?).

The "Pro-Drop" Nature of Spanish: Subject Pronoun Omission

Linguistically, Spanish is a pro-drop (pronoun-dropping) language. Because each verb ending indicates the person and number of the subject, native speakers omit subject pronouns in standard discourse.

Why Pronoun Overuse Sounds Unnatural

Beginner learners whose native language is English or French frequently transfer their native habits by placing yo , tú , or nosotros in front of every single verb:

Unnatural / Repetitive : ✕ Yo me llamo David y yo vivo en Madrid y yo trabajo en un banco. (4 pronouns in one sentence).

Natural Spanish : ✓ Me llamo David, vivo en Madrid y trabajo en un banco. (Clean, authentic, native flow).

Legitimate Communicative Reasons to Include Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns are not forbidden; rather, they are reserved for specific pragmatic communicative functions:

Contrast and Comparison : Emphasizing differing actions between two distinct people.

Yo estudio medicina, pero mi hermano trabaja en una farmacia. (I study medicine, but my brother works in a pharmacy.)

Disambiguation (Third Person) : Because third-person endings (-a, -e, -an, -en) are shared by él , ella , and usted , adding the pronoun clarifies the identity of the subject.

Ella vive en Sevilla, pero él vive en Granada. (She lives in Seville, but he lives in Granada.)
¿Trabaja usted los sábados? (Do you [formal] work on Saturdays?)

Emphasis or Self-Assertion : Highlighting the speaker's personal role.

¿Quién prepara la cena hoy? — ¡Yo la preparo! (Who is making dinner today? — I am preparing it!)
Anatomy of Regular Verbs: Stems and Endings

Every Spanish infinitive consists of two morphological components:

The Stem (La raíz) : The invariant semantic core carrying the verb's meaning.

The Infinitive Ending (La terminación) : The suffix indicating its conjugation class: -ar , -er , or -ir .

To conjugate a regular verb in the present tense, you strip away the infinitive ending to isolate the stem, and then attach the specific personal ending corresponding to the subject. Infinitive → Stem + Ending = Conjugated Form

habl-ar → habl- + -o = hablo
com-er → com- + -es = comes
viv-ir → viv- + -imos = vivimos
Regular -ar Verbs Conjugation

The -ar conjugation is the largest and most regular verb family in the Spanish language. Verbs in this class use the thematic vowel -a- across almost all persons, except for the first-person singular.

Personal Endings for -ar Verbs
yo : -o
tú : -as
él / ella / usted : -a
nosotros / nosotras : -amos
vosotros / vosotras : -áis
ellos / ellas / ustedes : -an
Complete Conjugation Table: High-Frequency DELE A1 -ar Verbs

Pronoun Hablar (to speak) Trabajar (to work) Estudiar (to study) Comprar (to buy)
yo hablo trabajo estudio compro
tú hablas trabajas estudias compras
él / ella / usted habla trabaja estudia compra
nosotros / nosotras hablamos trabajamos estudiamos compramos
vosotros / vosotras habláis trabajáis estudiáis compráis
ellos / ellas / ustedes hablan trabajan estudian compran
Worked Sentence Examples in A1 Contexts
Hablar : Hablo un poco de español y entiendo italiano. (I speak a little Spanish and understand Italian.)
Trabajar : Mi hermana trabaja en un hospital universitario. (My sister works in a university hospital.)
Estudiar : ¿Dónde estudiáis vosotros por las tardes? (Where do you all study in the afternoons?)
Comprar : Compramos fruta fresca en el mercado del barrio. (We buy fresh fruit at the neighborhood market.)
Regular -er Verbs Conjugation

The second conjugation group features the thematic vowel -e- . Notice that the first-person singular ending remains -o , maintaining symmetry with the -ar class.

Personal Endings for -er Verbs
yo : -o
tú : -es
él / ella / usted : -e
nosotros / nosotras : -emos
vosotros / vosotras : -éis
ellos / ellas / ustedes : -en
Complete Conjugation Table: High-Frequency DELE A1 -er Verbs

Pronoun Comer (to eat) Aprender (to learn) Beber (to drink) Comprender (to understand)
yo como aprendo bebo comprendo
tú comes aprendes bebes comprendes
él / ella / usted come aprende bebe comprende
nosotros / nosotras comemos aprendemos bebemos comprendemos
vosotros / vosotras coméis aprendéis bebéis comprendéis
ellos / ellas / ustedes comen aprenden beben comprenden
Worked Sentence Examples in A1 Contexts
Comer : Normalmente como con mis compañeros a las dos. (I usually eat with my colleagues at two.)
Aprender : Aprendemos vocabulario nuevo en cada clase. (We learn new vocabulary in every class.)
Beber : ¿Bebes café por las mañanas o prefieres té? (Do you drink coffee in the mornings or prefer tea?)

Comprender : Los alumnos comprenden bien las preguntas del profesor. (The students understand the teacher's questions well.)

Regular -ir Verbs Conjugation

The third conjugation group shares almost all its endings with the -er group, except in two critical plural positions: the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms.

Personal Endings for -ir Verbs
yo : -o
tú : -es
él / ella / usted : -e
nosotros / nosotras : -imos (Notice the -i-!)
vosotros / vosotras : -ís (Notice the -í-!)
ellos / ellas / ustedes : -en
Complete Conjugation Table: High-Frequency DELE A1 -ir Verbs

Pronoun Vivir (to live) Escribir (to write) Abrir (to open) Recibir (to receive)
yo vivo escribo abro recibo
tú vives escribes abres recibes
él / ella / usted vive escribe abre recibe
nosotros / nosotras vivimos escribimos abrimos recibimos
vosotros / vosotras vivís escribís abrís recibís
ellos / ellas / ustedes viven escriben abren reciben
Side-by-Side Comparison: -er vs. -ir Endings

Subject Pronoun -er Endings (Comer) -ir Endings (Vivir) Pattern Note
yo com- o viv- o Identical (-o)
tú com- es viv- es Identical (-es)
él / ella / usted com- e viv- e Identical (-e)
nosotros / nosotras com- emos viv- imos Divergence: -emos vs. -imos
vosotros / vosotras com- éis viv- ís Divergence: -éis vs. -ís
ellos / ellas / ustedes com- en viv- en Identical (-en)
Common Learner Errors and DELE A1 Exam Traps

Awareness of predictable grammatical errors allows you to proofread your writing and speak with accurate confidence during the examination.

1. Mixing Up -er and -ir Endings in Plural Forms

Many candidates mistakenly generalize the vowel e to all plural forms of -ir verbs:

✕ Nosotros vivemos en un piso grande. (Incorrect)
✓ Nosotros vivimos en un piso grande. (Correct)
✕ Vosotros escribéis muchas cartas. (Incorrect)
✓ Vosotros escribís muchas cartas. (Correct)
2. Attaching Endings to the Full Infinitive

Learners sometimes forget to drop the infinitive suffix before adding personal endings:

✕ Yo hablaro inglés. (Incorrect)
✓ Yo hablo inglés. (Correct)
✕ Ella vivire en Barcelona. (Incorrect)
✓ Ella vive en Barcelona. (Correct)
3. Subject-Verb Agreement with Collective or Compound Subjects

When a subject involves multiple people, make sure the verb reflects the composite plural person:

Mi amigo y yo = Nosotros → Mi amigo y yo viajamos (not viajo or viaja ).

Elena y tú = Vosotros (in Spain) / Ustedes → Elena y tú habláis / hablan .

La familia = Singular noun → La familia come junta (not comen ).

4. Register Agreement Traps with Usted

Because usted refers to "you", candidates frequently conjugate it with second-person informal endings:

✕ ¿Usted trabajas en el centro? (Incorrect register clash)
✓ ¿Usted trabaja en el centro? (Correct: usted requires 3rd person singular)