Study guide
1.2 ACS Codes, the AKTR, and How to Use This Guide
FAA Private Pilot — Airplane PAR
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1 Introduction & Exam Overview
1.1 Current Exam Facts 1.2 ACS Codes, the AKTR, and How to Use This Guide
2 Pilot Qualifications & Medicals
2.1 Eligibility, Training, and Knowledge-Test Authorization 2.2 Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations 2.3 Medical Certificates, Duration, and Disqualification 2.4 BasicMed (14 CFR 61.113(i) and Part 68)
3 Airworthiness, Documents & Currency
3.1 Required Pilot and Aircraft Documents 3.2 Inspections, Airworthiness Directives, and Preventive Maintenance 3.3 Inoperative Equipment and 91.213 3.4 Recent Flight Experience and the Flight Review
4 14 CFR Part 91 Operating Rules
4.1 Right-of-Way, Minimum Safe Altitudes, and Speed Limits 4.2 VFR Cruising Altitudes, Altimeter Settings, and Oxygen 4.3 Fuel Requirements, Transponder, ADS-B, and ELT 4.4 NOTAMs, TFRs, and Accident/Incident Duties
5 National Airspace System
5.1 Class A, B, and C Airspace 5.2 Class D, E, and G Airspace and VFR Weather Minimums 5.3 Special Use Airspace 5.4 Other Airspace, TFRs, TRSA, ADIZ, and SFRA
6 Aviation Weather Theory
6.1 Atmosphere, Pressure, Temperature, and Density 6.2 Stability, Clouds, and Moisture 6.3 Air Masses and Fronts 6.4 Wind, Jet Stream, and Local Wind Systems
7 Weather Hazards
7.1 Thunderstorms and Convective Weather 7.2 Structural Icing, Frost, and Carburetor Ice 7.3 Fog, Low Ceilings, and Visibility 7.4 Wind Shear, Microbursts, Turbulence, and Mountain Waves
8 Weather Products & Briefings
8.1 METAR Decoding 8.2 TAF and Graphical Forecast Products 8.3 PIREPs, AIRMET, SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, and Winds Aloft 8.4 Briefings and Go/No-Go Decisions
9 Principles of Flight
9.1 Four Forces and Lift Production 9.2 Angle of Attack, Critical AoA, and Stalls 9.3 Drag, L/D, and Ground Effect 9.4 Axes, Stability, and Flight Controls
10 Maneuvering Flight, Stalls & Spins
10.1 Load Factor, Bank Angle, and Stall Speed 10.2 Left-Turning Tendencies 10.3 Slow Flight, Power-On/Off Stalls, and Spin Awareness 10.4 Steep Turns and Ground-Reference Maneuvers
11 Powerplant, Fuel & Electrical Systems
11.1 Reciprocating Engines, Mixture, Detonation, and Preignition 11.2 Ignition, Magnetos, Carburetor vs Fuel Injection 11.3 Fuel Grades, Contamination, and Fuel-System Management 11.4 Electrical System and Alternator Failure
12 Flight Instruments & Avionics
12.1 Pitot-Static Instruments and Blockage Errors 12.2 Gyroscopic Instruments, Vacuum Failure, and Magnetic Compass Errors 12.3 Engine Instruments, Transponder Modes, and Basic Avionics
13 Aircraft Performance
13.1 Pressure Altitude, Density Altitude, and Performance Effects 13.2 Takeoff and Climb Performance 13.3 Cruise, Descent, and Landing Performance 13.4 Wind, Gradient, Surface, and Crosswind Component
14 Weight and Balance
14.1 Weight-and-Balance Principles 14.2 Moment, CG, and Sample Computations 14.3 Forward and Aft CG Effects 14.4 V-Speeds, Markings, and Limitation Placards
15 Charts, Pilotage & Dead Reckoning
15.1 Sectional Chart Symbology and Airspace Depiction 15.2 Pilotage and Dead Reckoning 15.3 Variation, Deviation, Wind Triangle, and E6B 15.4 VFR Cross-Country and Fuel Planning
16 Radio Navigation, Lost Procedures & Airport Operations
16.1 VOR Navigation 16.2 GPS, RAIM, and Radar Services 16.3 Lost Procedures and Diversion 16.4 Communications, Light-Gun Signals, Lighting, and Traffic Patterns
17 Aeromedical Factors
17.1 Hypoxia, Hyperventilation, and Carbon Monoxide 17.2 Spatial Disorientation, Illusions, and Vision 17.3 Scuba-to-Flight, Alcohol/Drugs, and IMSAFE
18 ADM, Night Operations & Emergencies
18.1 ADM, Hazardous Attitudes, PAVE, and DECIDE 18.2 Night Operations and Night Illusions 18.3 Emergency Descent, Engine Failure, and System Malfunctions 18.4 Survival Gear, ELT, and Forced-Landing Considerations
19 Preflight Procedures & Airport Ground Operations
19.1 Preflight Assessment, Airworthiness Determination, and the Preflight Inspection 19.2 Flight Deck Management, Passenger Briefings, and Engine Starting 19.3 Taxi Operations: Signs, Markings, Lighting, and Runway Incursion Avoidance 19.4 Before-Takeoff Check, After-Landing, and Securing the Airplane
20 Class-Specific Knowledge: Seaplane & Multiengine
20.1 Seaplane and Water Operations Knowledge 20.2 Multiengine Knowledge: VMC, VYSE, and Engine-Out Fundamentals
1.2 ACS Codes, the AKTR, and How to Use This Guide
Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI
FAA-S-ACS-6C, published April 2024 and effective May 31, 2024, supersedes ACS-6B Change 1 and is the current Private Pilot Airplane standard.
An ACS code such as PA.I.C.K2 names the Airplane ACS, Area of Operation I, Task C (Weather Information), and Knowledge element 2.
The Airman Knowledge Test Report prints missed ACS codes; 14 CFR 61.39 requires the instructor to review those deficiencies before the practical test.
Weight study toward regulations and airspace (about 23 percent) and weather (about 20 percent); the FAA does not publish a guaranteed item count per ACS task.
Primary references are the PHAK, Airplane Flying Handbook, Aviation Weather Handbook, AIM, 14 CFR parts 61 and 91, and testing supplement FAA-CT-8080-2H.
Last updated: August 2026
The Private Pilot Airplane knowledge test is not a random trivia bank. Every scored item is written to an element in FAA-S-ACS-6C , Private Pilot for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards , listed by FAA as published April 2024 and effective May 31, 2024 . ACS-6C supersedes ACS-6B Change 1 . If a lesson plan, flashcard deck, or older ground-school PDF still cites ACS-6B as the current airplane private standard, the citation is stale. Use 6C.
The ACS exists so that knowledge, risk management, and skill sit in one document. The knowledge test samples the knowledge (K) elements. The practical test samples knowledge, risk, and skill. The same code that prints on a missed knowledge-test item is the code your instructor and your designated pilot examiner (DPE) are required to revisit.
The hierarchy: Area of Operation, Task, then K-R-S
ACS-6C is organized as Areas of Operation numbered with Roman numerals. Area of Operation I is Preflight Preparation. II is Preflight Procedures. III is Airport and Seaplane Base Operations. The list continues through XII, Postflight Procedures. Inside each Area of Operation are Tasks lettered A, B, C. Task I.A is Pilot Qualifications. Task I.C is Weather Information. Task I.E is National Airspace System. Task I.F is Performance and Limitations.
Each Task then lists three element types:
K — Knowledge. What you must understand. These elements drive PAR items.
R — Risk management. What you must identify, assess, and mitigate (for example a go/no-go decision).
S — Skill. What you must do in the airplane or, for some planning tasks, at the table with charts and a weather package.
ACS-6C itself uses PA.I.C.K2 as the worked example of the coding scheme:
- Segment Meaning in PA.I.C.K2
- PA Private Pilot — Airplane ACS (this document, not the helicopter ACS)
- I Area of Operation I, Preflight Preparation
- C Task C, Weather Information
- K2 Knowledge element 2
K2 is “Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning…” ACS-6C then letter-codes the products: PA.I.C.K2a airport observations (METAR and SPECI) and PIREPs, K2b Surface Analysis Chart and Ceiling and Visibility Chart, K2c Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts, K2d Graphical Forecasts for Aviation, K2e winds and temperatures aloft (FB), K2f Convective Outlook, K2g AIRMET, SIGMET, and Convective SIGMET.
A missed PA.I.C.K2c is not “you are bad at weather” in the abstract. It is “you missed Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts.” That is the unit you remediate. Risk elements use R (PA.I.C.R1 is go/no-go and continue/divert). Skill elements use S (PA.I.C.S1 is using weather resources to obtain an adequate briefing). Knowledge-test items are coded to the knowledge side. The DPE still uses the missed K codes as required oral and practical sampling.
Do not read a K code as “this is only for the written” or an S code as “this is only for the checkride.” The ACS is one standard. PAR happens to sample the K column.
What the AKTR actually does
Because PAR is an ACS-coded test — the testing matrix highlights those test codes so ACS codes, not old Learning Statement Codes, print on the report — your Airman Knowledge Test Report lists the ACS codes of the areas you missed. It does not reprint the question stem, the missed option, or a paragraph of explanation. A 92 percent AKTR with PA.I.E.K1 and PA.I.F.K2 on it is not a clean sheet.
14 CFR 61.39(a)(6)(iii) requires the instructor who endorses you for the practical test to certify that you have demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which you were deficient on the knowledge test. ACS-6C tells the evaluator to sample those deficient elements. The DPE is not being picky when the oral starts on your missed codes. The ACS requires it.
So the AKTR is a study assignment, not a trophy. Log each printed code. Open ACS-6C to that Task. Read the K element and its lettered sub-elements. Then restudy the matching PHAK, AIM, Aviation Weather Handbook, or 14 CFR pages. If you failed, those same codes plus 61.49 training become the retest plan. Either way, the ACS code is the unit of study — not a chapter title in a commercial book.
Where to put the hours — and what you must not invent
The FAA does not publish a guaranteed number of PAR items per ACS Task. Anyone selling “exactly nine airspace questions on every form” is inventing a blueprint the FAA has not released. Validation items change. Live forms rotate. Do not memorize unpublished per-topic counts, and do not treat this guide’s study weights as a promise about tomorrow’s PSI screen.
What you can do is weight study toward the Areas of Operation that dominate airplane-private knowledge and that this guide therefore treats as the heavy chapters:
Study emphasis Approximate share of a PAR-oriented plan ACS home
Regulations, airworthiness, airspace, airport operations about 23 percent I.A, I.B, I.E, II, III; 14 CFR 61 and 91
- Aviation weather about 20 percent I.C
- Aerodynamics and maneuvers about 14 percent I.G knowledge base, V, VII
- Performance and weight and balance about 13 percent I.F
- Navigation and cross-country planning about 12 percent I.D, VI
- Systems and instruments about 11 percent I.G and flight instruments
- Aeromedical factors, ADM, night, emergencies about 7 percent I.H, IX, XI
Treat those percentages as study weights , not as a promise that your form will contain fourteen weather items. Still, a student who spends 80 percent of ground time on stalls and almost none on Class B VFR weather minimums or TAF decoding is studying against the grain of PAR. Regulations and airspace plus weather together are about 43 percent of a sensible plan. That is why they come early in this guide.
Official references — not random blogs
Build answers from current FAA primary sources:
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK), FAA-H-8083-25 — aerodynamics, systems, flight instruments, aeromedical factors, ADM, airports.
Airplane Flying Handbook (AFH), FAA-H-8083-3 — maneuvers, takeoffs and landings, slow flight and stalls.
Aviation Weather Handbook, FAA-H-8083-28 — theory and products that sit under PA.I.C.
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) — airspace, services, ATC phraseology, light signals, weather services.
14 CFR parts 61 and 91 — the actual rules. A PHAK paraphrase is not a substitute when the question is a regulation.
FAA-G-ACS-2 , Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots — the non-regulatory ACS procedures that used to live in ACS appendices.
FAA-CT-8080-2H , Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement for Sport, Recreational, Remote, and Private Pilot — legends, sample charts, performance graphs, and sectional excerpts.
FAA has begun embedding figures directly in some Private Pilot items. You should still know how the supplement’s legends work. Density-altitude, weight-and-balance, and takeoff-distance items are lost more often to a misread axis than to bad arithmetic. When a figure is attached, read the legend first, then the question, then the numbers.
How this guide is organized
Chapter 1 (this chapter) is logistics and ACS literacy. The remaining chapters follow the ACS knowledge spine for an airplane single-engine land private applicant:
Pilot qualifications and medicals, including BasicMed as currently written — not the superseded occupant and weight limits.
Airworthiness, documents, inspections, inoperative equipment, and currency.
Part 91 operating rules you will actually be asked.
National airspace, VFR weather minimums, and special-use / other airspace.
Weather theory, weather hazards, then weather products and briefings.
Principles of flight and maneuvering flight (load factor, stalls, spins, ground reference).
Powerplant, fuel, electrical, and flight instruments.
Performance, weight and balance, navigation, and cross-country planning.
Human factors, night operations, and emergencies.
Seaplane-only and multiengine-only Tasks (for example I.I, IV.G through L, Area of Operation X) are not the PAR airplane-single-engine-land written-test core. This guide notes them when a code would otherwise confuse you, then stays on land-airplane knowledge.
Work each section’s key takeaways, then the quizzes. The quizzes here are teaching checks. They are not live FAA items, and they are not the 100-item practice bank. After a miss, go to the ACS code or regulation the explanation names. Do not study by “the second listed answer.”
Scenario: Jordan’s 86 percent
Jordan scores 86 percent on PAR. The AKTR lists PA.I.C.K2c, PA.I.E.K1, and a human-factors code from Task I.H. That is not “good enough, ignore the codes.” Jordan’s instructor cannot complete the 61.39 practical-test endorsement until those Tasks have been retaught to a satisfactory standard. The DPE will sample at least those deficient knowledge elements.
Jordan should not respond by drilling forty random practice items. Jordan should open ACS-6C to Weather Information K2c (TAF), National Airspace System K1 (airspace classes and associated requirements), and the listed human-factors knowledge element, then study the matching AIM, PHAK, and 14 CFR pages plus any testing-supplement figure that belongs with a charted airspace question. If Jordan had failed, the same codes would drive 61.49 training. Either way, the ACS code is the assignment.