5.1 Engineering Management & Technopreneurship 101

PRC Electronics Engineering Licensure Examination Study Guide Exam

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1 Chapter 1: Introduction & Board Exam Strategy

1.1 PRC ECE Licensure Exam Overview & Regulation 1.2 Table of Specifications & Exam Strategy

2 Chapter 2: Mathematics Foundations

2.1 College & Advanced Algebra 2.2 Trigonometry & Solid Mensuration 2.3 Analytic Geometry & Differential Calculus 2.4 Integral Calculus & Applications

3 Chapter 3: Advanced Mathematics for ECE

3.1 Differential Equations & Circuit Transients 3.2 Complex Numbers & Laplace Transforms 3.3 Fourier Series, Fourier Transforms & Z-Transforms 3.4 Vector Analysis, Matrices & Probability

4 Chapter 4: GEAS - Engineering Sciences & Economics

4.1 Engineering Physics & Materials Chemistry 4.2 Engineering Mechanics & Strength of Materials 4.3 Engineering Economics & Financial Analysis 4.4 Computer Fundamentals & C/C++ Programming

5 Chapter 5: GEAS - Management, Materials, Environment & CAD

5.1 Engineering Management & Technopreneurship 101 5.2 Materials Science & Engineering 5.3 Environment Science & Engineering 5.4 Computer-Aided Drawing (CAD) & Engineering Graphics

6 Chapter 6: GEAS - ECE Laws, Ethics & Contracts

6.1 Republic Act No. 9292 (Electronics Engineering Law of 2004) 6.2 ECE Code of Ethics & Professional Conduct 6.3 Contracts, Specifications & National Building Code (PD 1096)

7 Chapter 7: Electronics Engineering - Circuits & Semiconductor Diodes

7.1 DC & AC Circuit Analysis & Network Theorems 7.2 Electromagnetics & Passive Components 7.3 Semiconductor Physics & Diode Circuits 7.4 Power Supply Design & Voltage Regulators

8 Chapter 8: Electronics Engineering - Transistors & Analog Circuits

8.1 BJT Operation, Biasing & Small-Signal Amplifiers 8.2 FET Characteristics, Biasing & Amplifier Circuits 8.3 Multistage Amplifiers, Frequency Response & Power Amplifiers 8.4 Operational Amplifiers & Active Filter Design

9 Chapter 9: Electronics Engineering - Digital Electronics & Control Systems

9.1 Feedback Topologies & Oscillator Circuits 9.2 Boolean Algebra, Logic Gates & Combinational Circuits 9.3 Sequential Logic, Flip-Flops & Microprocessor Architecture 9.4 Industrial Power Electronics & Control System Theory

10 Chapter 10: EST - Communications Fundamentals & Transmission Lines

10.1 Signal Fundamentals, Decibel Calculations & Noise Analysis 10.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Principles & Receivers 10.3 Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase Modulation & Discriminators 10.4 Transmission Line Parameters, SWR & Smith Chart

11 Chapter 11: EST - Digital Communications, Wireless & Optical Systems

11.1 Pulse & Digital Modulation Systems 11.2 Data Communications, OSI Model & Protocols 11.3 Antenna Principles & Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 11.4 Optical Fiber, Microwave, Satellite & Philippine NTC Regulations

5.1 Engineering Management & Technopreneurship 101

Key Takeaways Explain This Topic AI

Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management seeks the 'one best way' through time-and-motion study and standard methods, while Henri Fayol's administrative theory defines the five management functions: Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, and Controlling.

PERT estimates activity duration with the beta-weighted average t_e = (t_o + 4*t_m + t_p)/6, and the critical path is the longest activity path that sets minimum project duration.

Break-even volume equals fixed cost divided by unit contribution margin: Q_BE = FC / (P - VC).

Philippine intellectual property (patents, copyrights, trademarks) is governed by Republic Act No. 8293, the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines — not RA 8484, which is the Access Devices Regulation Act.

Last updated: July 2026

5.1 Engineering Management & Technopreneurship 101

GEAS treats management and technopreneurship as the "professional skills" cluster: the discipline of delivering engineered products on time, on budget, and within legal/ethical bounds, and the discipline of turning a technical idea into a viable business. These topics yield high-certainty points because they are mostly definitional and framework-based, so memorizing the named theories and their proponents pays off directly.

1. Evolution of Management Theory

Modern management thought evolved through several identifiable schools, each contributing a still-tested principle:

School / Theory Key Proponent(s) Central Idea Board Takeaway

Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor Optimize work through time-and-motion study, standard methods, and piece-rate pay. "One best way"; work measurement.

Administrative Theory Henri Fayol 14 Principles + 5 functions of management. Framework of managerial activity.

Bureaucracy Max Weber Hierarchy, formal rules, impersonality, merit-based selection. Rational-legal authority.

Human Relations Elton Mayo (Hawthorne studies) Social and psychological factors drive productivity. The "Hawthorne effect."

Motivation-Hygiene Frederick Herzberg Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction; motivators drive satisfaction. Two-factor model.

Needs Hierarchy Abraham Maslow Five-level need pyramid (physiological to self-actualization). Ordered human needs.

Fayol's 5 Functions of Management

Planning — setting objectives and the course of action.

Organizing — assembling resources and defining authority and responsibility.

Commanding (Leading) — directing and motivating personnel.

Coordinating — harmonizing activities across units.

Controlling — measuring performance against plans and correcting deviations.

Fayol's 14 Principles (condensed)

Division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps.

2. Project Management & Decision Methods

Engineering projects are constrained by the iron triangle : scope, time, and cost. Useful planning tools:

Gantt chart — a bar chart of task schedules against a calendar timeline.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) — a probabilistic activity network using three time estimates: t e = t o + 4 t m + t p 6 t_e = \frac{t_o + 4t_m + t_p}{6} t e ​ = 6 t o ​ + 4 t m ​ + t p ​ ​ where t o t_o t o ​ = optimistic, t m t_m t m ​ = most likely, t p t_p t p ​ = pessimistic duration.

Critical Path Method (CPM) — the longest path through the activity network determines the minimum project duration; any slip on a critical-path activity delays the whole project.

Worked Example: PERT Expected Time

A design task has optimistic t o = 4 t_o = 4 t o ​ = 4 days, most likely t m = 7 t_m = 7 t m ​ = 7 days, and pessimistic t p = 16 t_p = 16 t p ​ = 16 days. t e = 4 + 4 ( 7 ) + 16 6 = 4 + 28 + 16 6 = 48 6 = 8 days t_e = \frac{4 + 4(7) + 16}{6} = \frac{4 + 28 + 16}{6} = \frac{48}{6} = 8 \text{ days} t e ​ = 6 4 + 4 ( 7 ) + 16 ​ = 6 4 + 28 + 16 ​ = 6 48 ​ = 8 days

Decision-Making Under Uncertainty

Maximax (optimistic): choose the alternative with the best possible payoff.

Maximin (conservative, Wald): choose the alternative with the best worst-case payoff.

Minimax regret (Savage): minimize the maximum opportunity loss.

Equal-likelihood / Laplace : average payoffs equally and choose the highest.

3. Technopreneurship 101

Technopreneurship is technology-driven entrepreneurship — creating a venture around an engineered product, process, or service. The board tests the building blocks of a startup:

Value Proposition — the specific problem solved and benefit delivered to a target customer.

Market Identification & Analysis — segmenting customers, estimating market size (TAM/SAM/SOM), and analyzing competitors.

Competitive Advantage — sustainable differentiation through cost leadership, differentiation, or focus (Porter's generic strategies).

Business Models — how value is created, delivered, and captured (subscription, marketplace, razor-and-blades, freemium, B2B SaaS).

Intellectual Property — patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets as protective moats; in the Philippines, IP is governed by Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines) .

Business Plan — executive summary, market analysis, technical/product plan, operations plan, marketing plan, financial plan, and risk analysis.

Raising Capital — bootstrapping, friends-and-family, angel investors, venture capital, bank loans, and crowdfunding.

Financial Analysis Basics — unit economics, break-even, gross/operating/net margin, burn rate, and runway.

Worked Example: Break-Even for a Hardware Startup

A startup sells an IoT sensor module for ₱2,500 each. Variable cost per unit is ₱1,500, and total fixed costs (rent, salaries, tooling) are ₱500,000 per quarter. Q B E = F C P − V C = 500,000 2,500 − 1,500 = 500,000 1,000 = 500 units/quarter Q_{BE} = \frac{FC}{P - VC} = \frac{500{,}000}{2{,}500 - 1{,}500} = \frac{500{,}000}{1{,}000} = 500 \text{ units/quarter} Q BE ​ = P − V C FC ​ = 2 , 500 − 1 , 500 500 , 000 ​ = 1 , 000 500 , 000 ​ = 500 units/quarter

Below 500 units sold the venture loses money; above it, each additional unit contributes ₱1,000 of profit.

4. Summary

• Topic Core Idea Memory Hook
• Taylor Scientific management, "one best way" Time-and-motion
• Fayol 5 functions / 14 principles POCCC + 14
• Herzberg Hygiene vs motivators Two-factor

PERT t e = ( t o + 4 t m + t p ) / 6 t_e = (t_o + 4t_m + t_p)/6 t e ​ = ( t o ​ + 4 t m ​ + t p ​ ) /6 Beta-weighted average

• Break-even Q = F C / ( P − V C ) Q = FC/(P-VC) Q = FC / ( P − V C ) Fixed cost over contribution
• RA 8293 IP Code of the Philippines Patents/copyrights/trademarks